{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:18:00Z","timestamp":1789103880826,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81872626"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81872626"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82003454"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82003454"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society-Bright Moon Seaweed Group Nutrition and Health Research Fund","award":["CNS-BMSG2020A63"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-BMSG2020A63"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Nutrition Society-Zhendong National Physical Fitness and Health Research Fund","award":["CNS-ZD2019066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CNS-ZD2019066"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D and Promotion Projects in Henan Province","award":["212102310219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["212102310219"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical research results of vitamin D supplementation in the improvement of prediabetes remain controversial. Accordingly, a literature search was conducted of PubMed, Embase (Ovid), and Web of Science prior to 9 November 2021. Randomized controlled studies reported that the following indicators were included: body mass index (BMI), fasting blood glucose (FBG), 2 h oral glucose tolerance test plasma glucose (2h-PG), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin resistance by homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR), homeostasis model assessment of \u03b2-cell function (HOMA-B), and fasting insulin (FINS). Twenty-nine articles (N = 3792) were included in the present meta-analysis. Intriguingly, vitamin D supplementation resulted in a vast improvement in FBG (standardized mean difference (SMD) = \u22120.38; 95%CI: \u22120.59, \u22120.16), HbA1c (SMD = \u22120.14; 95%CI: \u22120.22, \u22120.06) and FINS (SMD = 0.18; 95%CI: \u22120.26, \u22120.09), but not in other outcomes. However, preferred changes were observed in subgroups, as follows: Asia (SMD2h-PG = \u22120.25, 95%CI: \u22120.45, \u22120.04), study duration \u22651 year (SMDHOMA-IR = \u22120.44, 95%CI: \u22120.81, \u22120.06) (SMDHOMA-B = 0.34, 95%CI: 0.01, 0.66), baseline 25(OH)D &lt; 50 nmol\/L (SMD2h-PG = \u22120.23, 95%CI: \u22120.39, \u22120.06), and baseline 25(OH)D \u2265 50 nmol\/L (SMDHOMA-IR = \u22120.50, 95%CI: \u22120.96, \u22120.03). In conclusion, oral supplementation of vitamin D has shown better effects in improving FBG, HbA1c, and FINS compared with controls among prediabetics; long-term vitamin D supplementation could have additional effects in participants with vitamin D deficiency for 2h-PG, HOMA-IR, and HOMA-B.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]],"date-time":"2021-12-14T22:06:10Z","timestamp":1639519570000},"page":"4464","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Prediabetes: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yujing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ze","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1935-7766","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health, Zhengzhou University, Zhenghzou 450000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843","article-title":"Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9(th) edition","volume":"157","author":"Saeedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60283-9","article-title":"Prediabetes: A high-risk state for diabetes development","volume":"379","author":"Tabak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.048496","article-title":"Association of vitamin D deficiency with incidence of type 2 diabetes in high-risk Asian subjects","volume":"97","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.02.014","article-title":"Association of vitamin D deficiency with insulin resistance in middle-aged type 2 diabetics","volume":"492","author":"Dhas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926308","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1926308","article-title":"Vitamin D and Incidence of Prediabetes or Type 2 Diabetes: A Four-Year Follow-Up Community-Based Study","volume":"2018","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, L., Zhai, Y., and Shen, S. (2020). Association between vitamin D and prediabetes: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis. Medicine, 99.","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019034"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.12893","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on insulin resistance and glycaemic control in prediabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Poolsup","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002","article-title":"2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020","volume":"43","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Consultation, W.I. (2006). Definition and Diagnosis of Diabetes and Intermediate Hyperglycaemia, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"d5928","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d5928","article-title":"The Cochrane Collaboration\u2019s tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials","volume":"343","author":"Higgins","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12","article-title":"A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis","volume":"1","author":"Borenstein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Res. Synth. Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-1994","article-title":"The effects of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on blood glucose and markers of inflammation in nondiabetic adults","volume":"30","author":"Pittas","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.2337\/dc07-1829","article-title":"Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and the risk of incident diabetes in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"31","author":"Tinker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02181.x","article-title":"No improvement in cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese subjects after supplementation with vitamin D3 for 1 year","volume":"267","author":"Jorde","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.011684","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D and calcium supplementation on pancreatic beta cell function, insulin sensitivity, and glycemia in adults at high risk of diabetes: The Calcium and Vitamin D for Diabetes Mellitus (CaDDM) randomized controlled trial","volume":"94","author":"Mitri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-1326.2012.01605.x","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of vitamin D supplementation to improve glycaemia in overweight and obese African Americans","volume":"14","author":"Harris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2011.00791.x","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D on insulin sensitivity in elderly patients with impaired fasting glucose","volume":"12","author":"Naharci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1204","article-title":"High-dose vitamin D supplementation in people with prediabetes and hypovitaminosis D","volume":"36","author":"Davidson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"47","article-title":"The effects of oral vitamin D on insulin resistance in pre-diabetic patients","volume":"18","author":"Hoseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2123","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0218","article-title":"No effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on glycemic status or cardiovascular risk factors in subjects with prediabetes","volume":"37","author":"Sollid","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.12.044","article-title":"Vitamin-D supplementation in prediabetes reduced progression to type 2 diabetes and was associated with decreased insulin resistance and systemic inflammation: An open label randomized prospective study from Eastern India","volume":"103","author":"Dutta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.069260","article-title":"Effect of moderate-dose vitamin D supplementation on insulin sensitivity in vitamin D-deficient non-Western immigrants in the Netherlands: A randomized placebo-controlled trial","volume":"100","author":"Oosterwerff","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.152783","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D supplementation on glycemic parameters and progression of prediabetes to diabetes: A 1-year, open-label randomized study","volume":"19","author":"Kuchay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.4158\/EP14548.OR","article-title":"Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Repletion on Glycemic Control in African-American Males with Prediabetes and Hypovitaminosis D","volume":"21","author":"Barengolts","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-14-0870","article-title":"Vitamin D3 increases in abdominal subcutaneous fat tissue after supplementation with vitamin D3","volume":"172","author":"Didriksen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672653","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/672653","article-title":"Glucose Metabolism Effects of Vitamin D in Prediabetes: The VitDmet Randomized Placebo-Controlled Supplementation Study","volume":"2015","author":"Tuomainen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1169","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Phenotypes in Thais with Prediabetes","volume":"98","author":"Nimitphong","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Med. Assoc. Thai."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12625","article-title":"Effects of vitamin D2 or D3 supplementation on glycaemic control and cardiometabolic risk among people at risk of type 2 diabetes: Results of a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Forouhi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-4013","article-title":"Vitamin D 20,000 IU per Week for Five Years Does Not Prevent Progression From Prediabetes to Diabetes","volume":"101","author":"Jorde","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1057","article-title":"No Effect of High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment on beta-Cell Function, Insulin Sensitivity, or Glucose Homeostasis in Subjects With Abnormal Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"39","author":"Wagner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12794","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on oral glucose tolerance in individuals with low vitamin D status and increased risk for developing type 2 diabetes (EVIDENCE): A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Duncan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarrin, R., Ayremlou, P., and Ghassemi, F. (2017). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on the Glycemic Status and the Percentage of Body Fat Mass in Adults with Prediabetes: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Iran. Red Crescent Med. J., 19.","DOI":"10.5812\/ircmj.41718"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.12.008","article-title":"Does high-dose vitamin D supplementation impact insulin resistance and risk of development of diabetes in patients with pre-diabetes? A double-blind randomized clinical trial","volume":"148","author":"Niroomand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al Thani, M., Sadoun, E., Sofroniou, A., Jayyousi, A., Baagar, K.A.M., Al Hammaq, A., Vinodson, B., Akram, H., Bhatti, Z.S., and Nasser, H.S. (2019). The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the glycemic control of pre-diabetic Qatari patients in a randomized control trial. BMC Nutr., 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-019-0311-x"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz171","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on insulin resistance and beta-cell function in prediabetes: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"110","author":"Wallace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"349","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D intervention on the outcome of glucose metabolism in patients with impaired glucose regulation","volume":"27","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chin. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahmed, M.M., Zingade, U.S., and Badaam, K.M. (2020). Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Insulin Sensitivity in Prediabetes With Hypovitaminosis D: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. Cureus, 12.","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.12009"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.G.A., Sabico, S., Clerici, M., Khattak, M.N.K., Wani, K., Al-Musharaf, S., Amer, O.E., Alokail, M.S., and Al-Daghri, N.M. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated with Increased Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Levels in Arab Adults with Prediabetes. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020118"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56904-y","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Overweight\/obese Asian Indian Women with Prediabetes Reduces Glycemic Measures and Truncal Subcutaneous Fat: A 78 Weeks Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial (PREVENT-WIN Trial)","volume":"10","author":"Bhatt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00549-9","article-title":"The effect of omega-3 and vitamin D co-supplementation on glycemic control and lipid profiles in reproductive-aged women with pre-diabetes and hypovitaminosis D: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"12","author":"Dolatian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/cen.13825","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on free and total vitamin D: A comparison of Asians and Caucasians","volume":"90","author":"Evans","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-020-00663-3","article-title":"Distribution of variants in multiple vitamin D-related loci (DHCR7\/NADSYN1, GC, CYP2R1, CYP11A1, CYP24A1, VDR, RXRalpha and RXRgamma) vary between European, East-Asian and Sub-Saharan African-ancestry populations","volume":"15","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elkum, N., Alkayal, F., Noronha, F., Ali, M.M., Melhem, M., Al-Arouj, M., Bennakhi, A., Behbehani, K., Alsmadi, O., and Abubaker, J. (2014). Vitamin D insufficiency in Arabs and South Asians positively associates with polymorphisms in GC and CYP2R1 genes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0113102"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00439-011-1099-1","article-title":"Associations between common variants in GC and DHCR7\/NADSYN1 and vitamin D concentration in Chinese Hans","volume":"131","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rivera-Paredez, B., Macias, N., Martinez-Aguilar, M.M., Hidalgo-Bravo, A., Flores, M., Quezada-Sanchez, A.D., Denova-Gutierrez, E., Cid, M., Martinez-Hernandez, A., and Orozco, L. (2018). Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Vitamin D Receptor and GC Genes and Analysis of Their Distribution in Mexican Postmenopausal Women. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10091175"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-018-0038-9","article-title":"The association of VDR polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes in older people living in community in Santiago de Chile","volume":"8","author":"Angel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, K.F., Pietrani, N.T., Bosco, A.A., de Sousa, M.C.R., Silva, I.F.O., Silveira, J.N., and Gomes, K.B. (2019). Lower Vitamin D Levels, but Not VDR Polymorphisms, Influence Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Brazilian Population Independently of Obesity. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050188"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980016000173","article-title":"Weight and skin colour as predictors of vitamin D status: Results of an epidemiological investigation using nationally representative data","volume":"20","author":"Rajan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2016.02.150251","article-title":"Probability of Vitamin D Deficiency by Body Weight and Race\/Ethnicity","volume":"29","author":"Weishaar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Board Fam. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-16-0391","article-title":"Management of endocrine disease: The effect of vitamin D supplementation on glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"176","author":"Lips","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Liu, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, P., and Zhang, Y. (2018). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetes Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030375"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Busquets-Cortes, C., Bennasar-Veny, M., Lopez-Gonzalez, A.A., Fresneda, S., Abbate, M., and Yanez, A.M. (2021). Utility of Fatty Liver Index to predict reversion to normoglycemia in people with prediabetes. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0249221"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pojednic, R.M., Trussler, E.M., Navon, J.D., Lemire, S.C., Siu, E.C., and Metallinos-Katsaras, E.S. (2021). Vitamin D deficiency associated with risk of prediabetes among older adults: Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2007\u20132012. Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3499"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Nakamura, K., Hui, S.P., Ukawa, S., Okada, E., Nakagawa, T., Imae, A., Okabe, H., Chen, Z., Miura, Y., and Chiba, H. (2021). Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels and Diabetes in a Japanese Population: The DOSANCO Health Study. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schleu, M.F., Barreto-Duarte, B., Arriaga, M.B., Araujo-Pereira, M., Ladeia, A.M., Andrade, B.B., and Lima, M.L. (2021). Lower Levels of Vitamin D Are Associated with an Increase in Insulin Resistance in Obese Brazilian Women. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13092979"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, H., Zheng, C., Zhang, M., and Chen, S. (2021). The relationship between vitamin D status and islet function in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocr. Disord., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-021-00862-y"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.169482","article-title":"Vitamin D intake and season modify the effects of the GC and CYP2R1 genes on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations","volume":"143","author":"Engelman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Signorello, L.B., Shi, J., Cai, Q., Zheng, W., Williams, S.M., Long, J., Cohen, S.S., Li, G., Hollis, B.W., and Smith, J.R. (2011). Common variation in vitamin D pathway genes predicts circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D Levels among African Americans. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028623"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Su, M., Chen, X., Chen, Y., Wang, C., Li, S., Ying, X., Xiao, T., Wang, N., Jiang, Q., and Fu, C. (2018). UCP2 and UCP3 variants and gene-environment interaction associated with prediabetes and T2DM in a rural population: A case control study in China. BMC Med. Genet., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12881-018-0554-4"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4464\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:48:09Z","timestamp":1760168889000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/13\/12\/4464"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["nu13124464"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13124464","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,14]]}}}