{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:49Z","timestamp":1787029189476,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639699200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Low T3 syndrome is defined by a fall in free triiodothyronine (FT3) in spite of normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and often normal free thyroxin (FT4). A low FT3\/FT4 ratio, a relevant marker for low T3 syndrome, is known as a risk of mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients, as well as low muscle mass in the general population. Because of the local activation of T4 to FT3 in muscle tissue, we examined the association of FT3\/FT4 ratio with serum creatinine, a marker of muscle mass and strength in HD patients to investigate the significance of muscle tissue in the development of low T3 syndrome in HD patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study derived from our prospective cohort study, named DREAM, of Japanese HD patients. After the exclusion of patients with treated and untreated thyroid dysfunction, 332 patients were analyzed in the study. Results: The serum FT4 and TSH of HD patients (n = 332) were 0.9 \u00b1 0.1 ng\/dL. and 2.0 \u00b1 0.9 \u03bcIU\/mL, which were within the respective normal range, while serum FT3 was 2.2 \u00b1 0.3 pg\/mL. As many as 101 out of 332 (30.4%) HD patients exhibited a serum FT3 less than the normal lower limit of 2.2 pg\/mL. The serum FT3\/FT4 ratio correlated significantly positively with serum creatinine, and inversely with serum log CRP and total cholesterol, while it exhibited a tendency towards positive correlation with serum albumin. Multiple regression analysis, which included serum creatinine, albumin, and log CRP, simultaneously, in addition to sex, age, diabetic kidney disease or not, log HD duration, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and Kt\/V, as independent variables, revealed an independent and significant positive association of serum creatinine, but not serum albumin or CRP, with the serum FT3\/FT4 ratio. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated an independent and positive correlation of serum creatinine with the serum FT3\/FT4 ratio in HD patients. The lack of association of the serum FT3\/FT4 ratio with serum albumin and CRP suggested the presence of a creatinine-specific mechanism to associate with serum FT3\/FT4 ratio. Because of the local activation of T4 to T3 at muscle tissue, a lower muscle mass may be causatively associated with low T3 syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124537","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T02:50:18Z","timestamp":1639968618000},"page":"4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Association of Reduced Free T3 to Free T4 Ratio with Lower Serum Creatinine in Japanese Hemodialysis Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Inaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Renal Center, Ohno Memorial Hospital, 1-26-10, Minami-Horie Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0085-0828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katsuhito","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Osaka City University School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshihiro","family":"Tsujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Internal Medicine, Inoue Hospital, 16-17 enoki-machi, Osaka 564-0053, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinsuke","family":"Yamada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuko","family":"Yamazaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masanori","family":"Emoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Molecular Medicine, Osaka City University School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3953-0925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsuo","family":"Shoji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vascular Science Center for Translational Research, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 545-8585, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Medicine, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-4-3, Asahi-machi, Abeno-ku, Osaka 550-0015, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu024","article-title":"Thyroid functional disease: An under-recognized cardiovascular risk factor in kidney disease patients","volume":"30","author":"Rhee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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