{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T23:43:01Z","timestamp":1791934981224,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639958400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["1R21TW011377-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21TW011377-02"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Health","award":["Y1-DC-0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y1-DC-0013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We identified associations between self-reported olfactory dysfunction (OD) and dietary attributes in participants aged \u226540 years (n = 6,356) from the nationally representative 2011\u20132014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). The chemosensory questionnaire and 24-h dietary recalls were administered by trained interviewers. OD was defined as self-report of either smell problems in the last year, worse smell relative to age 25, or perceiving phantom odors. Dietary outcomes included Healthy Eating Index 2015 score (HEI) with adequacy and moderation components (higher scores indicated higher diet quality), dietary diversity, energy density, and intake of major food groups. Survey-weighted linear regression models estimated OD\u2013diet associations, adjusting for socio-demographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors. Adjusted mean difference (95% CI) between those with versus without OD, showed that adults with OD had significantly lower HEI moderation score (\u22120.67 (\u22121.22, \u22120.11)) and diets higher in energy density (0.06 (0.00, 0.11)), and percent energy from saturated fat (0.47 (0.12, 0.81)), total fat (0.96 (0.22, 1.70)), and added sugar (1.00 (0.33, 1.66)). Age and sex-stratified analyses showed that younger females (40\u201364 years) primarily accounted for the associations with diet quality and total\/saturated fat intake. These findings inform dietary screening and recommendations for adults who report OD, including those experiencing transient or persistent smell loss with COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124561","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]],"date-time":"2021-12-20T08:43:32Z","timestamp":1639989812000},"page":"4561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Self-Reported Olfactory Dysfunction and Diet Quality: Findings from the 2011\u20132014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2587-4022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shristi","family":"Rawal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Preventive Nutrition Sciences, Rutgers School of Health Professions, 65 Bergen Str., Newark, NJ 07107-1709, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4226-064X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerie B.","family":"Duffy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allied Health Sciences, University of Connecticut, 358 Mansfield Rd., Storrs, CT 06269, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Berube","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9065-6326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Hayes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sensory Evaluation Center, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Food Science, College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, 220 Erickson Food Science Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashima K.","family":"Kant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family, Nutrition, and Exercise Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuan-Ming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry I.","family":"Graubard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Biostatistics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20894, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Howard J.","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Statistics Program, Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health (NIH), 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, D.H., Kim, S.W., Stybayeva, G., Lim, S.Y., and Hwang, S.H. 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