{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T22:36:12Z","timestamp":1785796572864,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a complex medical condition characterized by widespread musculoskeletal pain. To date, no gold standard treatment has been developed, and persons with FMS often seek alternative methods to control their symptoms, such as dietary supplements (DS). This study aimed to describe the use of DS in persons living with FMS and examine the associations between the use of DS and its potential predictors. We recruited a convenience sample of 504 participants (\u226518 years) living with FMS. The main outcome variables included estimated expenditure on DS in the last 12 months in Norwegian kroner (NOK) and the differences between the groups of users and non-users of DS. Of the 504 participants, 430 reported having used DS, and the mean amount of money spent in the previous year was determined to be NOK 2300. The most common DS reported were vitamin D, magnesium, and omega-3 fatty acids. The predictors of being a DS user were high education, high self-reported knowledge of DS but low overall knowledge of health claims. Users of DS marketed for muscles\/joints appear to spend more money on DS. The increasing availability of DS and aggressive advertising in the media through health claims stipulate the need for interventions that lead to informed decisions about DS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T09:50:43Z","timestamp":1640080243000},"page":"5","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Use of Dietary Supplements and Perceived Knowledge among Adults Living with Fibromyalgia in Norway: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3551-2271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linda Aim\u00e9e Hartford","family":"Kv\u00e6l","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian Social Research\u2014NOVA, Department of Ageing Research and Housing Studies, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ida","family":"L\u00f8chting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwegian League Against Rheumatism, Professor Dahls Gate 32, N-0260 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Research and Communication Unit for Musculoskeletal Health (FORMI), Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4956, N-0424 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9425-2414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne","family":"Molin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, P.O. Box 4 St. Olavs Plass, N-0130 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Health, Oslo New University College, Lovisenberggata 13, N-0456 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"426130","article-title":"Fibromyalgia syndrome: Etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"2012","author":"Bellato","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2015.03.014","article-title":"Fibromyalgia and related conditions","volume":"Volume 90","author":"Clauw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mayo Clinic Proceedings"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"s3","article-title":"Key mechanisms mediating fibromyalgia","volume":"33","author":"Gracely","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Littlejohn, G., and Guymer, E. (2020). Key milestones contributing to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying fibromylagia. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8070223"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3725-2","article-title":"Prevalence of fibromyalgia in general population and patients, a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Heidari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1398","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131515","article-title":"The Association of Socioeconomic Status and Symptom Severity in Persons with Fibromyalgia","volume":"41","author":"Fitzcharles","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt-2016-0006","article-title":"Management of fibromyalgia syndrome in 2016","volume":"6","author":"Okifuji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.110026","article-title":"The longitudinal outcome of fibromyalgia: A study of 1555 patients","volume":"38","author":"Walitt","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22471","article-title":"Use of complementary and alternative medicine providers by fibromyaligia patients under insurance coverage","volume":"57","author":"Lind","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2018.1564360","article-title":"Dietary interventions in fibromyalgia: A systematic review","volume":"51","author":"Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lowry, E., Marley, J., McVeigh, J.G., McSorley, E., Allsopp, P., and Kerr, D. (2020). Dietary Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review and Best-Evidence Synthesis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092664"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pagliai, G., Giangrandi, I., Dinu, M., Sofi, F., and Colombini, B. (2020). Nutritional Interventions in the Management of Fibromyalgia Syndrome. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092525"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Merriam-Webster (2021, August 25). Dictionary. Dietary Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/dietary%20supplement."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s40273-014-0137-y","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Disease synopsis, medication cost effectiveness and economic burden","volume":"32","author":"Skaer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pharmacoeconomics"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Panus, S.R. (2021, August 12). Complementary and Alternative Remedies for Rheumatic Disorders. Available online: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com\/contents\/complementary-and-alternative-remedies-for-rheumatic-disorders."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-011-2010-z","article-title":"Dietary aspects in fibromyalgia patients: Results of a surevey on food awareness, allergies, and nutritional supplementation","volume":"32","author":"Arranz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6751856","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/6751856","article-title":"Nonvitamin, Nonmineral Dietary Supplement Use among Adults with Fibromyalgia: United States, 2007\u20132012","volume":"2017","author":"Feinberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complementary Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (2021, July 18). Food supplements. Available online: https:\/\/www.efsa.europa.eu\/en\/topics\/topic\/food-supplements."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"47","article-title":"Too much of a good thing? Toxic effects of vitamin and mineral supplements","volume":"169","author":"Wooltorton","year":"2003","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25228","DOI":"10.2196\/25228","article-title":"Determinants of Knowledge About Dietary Supplements Among Polish Internet Users: Nationwide Cross-sectional Study","volume":"23","author":"Karbownik","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Med. Internet Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Totland, T.H., Meln\u00e6s, B.K., Lundberg-Hall\u00e9n, N., Helland-Kigen, K.M., Lund-Blix, N.A., Myhre, J.B., Johansen, A.M.W., L\u00f8ken, E.B., and Andersen, L.F. (2021, August 21). Norkost 3: The Third National Diet Survey Conducted in Norway among Men and Women Aged 18\u201370 Years. The Norwegian Directorate of Health, 2010\/2011. Available online: http:\/\/ghdx.healthdata.org\/record\/norway-norkost-national-food-consumption-survey-2010-2011."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Norway\u2019s National Research Center in Complementary and Alternative Medicine (NAFKAM) (2021, August 23). Use of Alternative Treatment in Norway 2018. Available online: https:\/\/nafkam.no\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-07\/NAFKAM-2018%20rapport%20finale%20250619_0.pdf."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Norwegian Institute of Public Health (2021, August 15). Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), Available online: https:\/\/www.fhi.no\/en\/studies\/moba\/."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001440","article-title":"Determinants of dietary supplement use\u2014healthy individuals use dietary supplements","volume":"113","author":"Kofoed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., and Cairney, J. (2015). Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use, Oxford University Press. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199685219.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual. A Step by Step Guide to Data Analysis Using IBM SPSS, Taylor & Francis. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003117452"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-001-0008-3","article-title":"The Role of Gender in Fibromyalgia Syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Yunus","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.875423","article-title":"Consumer Usage and Reasons for Using Dietary Supplements: Report of a Series of Surveys","volume":"33","author":"Dickinson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.14403","article-title":"Trends in Dietary Supplements Use Among US Adults From 1999\u20132012","volume":"316","author":"Kantor","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.18261\/ntfe.15.1.2","article-title":"Use of dietary supplements and medicines in a group of people over 50 years of age","volume":"1","author":"Arnesen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nor. Tidsskr. Ern\u00e6ring"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"8","article-title":"Use of dietary supplements among middle-aged Norwegian women","volume":"1","author":"Waaseth","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nor. Tidsskr. Ern\u00e6ring"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"185","article-title":"A pilot study of complementary and alternative medicine use in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"5","author":"Wall","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Council for Responsible Nutrition (2021, May 09). 2019 CRN Consumer Survey on Dietary Supplements. Available online: https:\/\/www.crnusa.org\/2019survey\/Topline-Infographic#more."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karras, S., Rapti, E., Matsoukas, S., and Kotsa, K. (2016). Vitamin D in Fibromyalgia: A Causative or Confounding Biological Interplay?. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8060343"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2017.03.036","article-title":"Why do Dutch people use dietary supplements? Exploring the role of socio-cognitive and psychosocial determinants","volume":"114","author":"Pajor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980017001021","article-title":"Characterisation of vitamin and mineral supplement users differentiated according to their motives for using supplements: Results of the German National Nutrition Monitoring (NEMONIT)","volume":"20","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0053-9","article-title":"Consumer attitudes about the role of multivitamins and other dietary supplements: Report of a survey","volume":"14","author":"Dickinson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.277S","article-title":"Multivitamin-multimineral supplements: Who uses them?","volume":"85","author":"Rock","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2013.2299","article-title":"Why US adults use dietary supplements","volume":"173","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.77.6.1121","article-title":"Unskilled and unaware of It: Difficulties in Recognizing One\u2019s own Incompetence Lead to Inflated Self-Assessments","volume":"77","author":"Kruger","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Personal. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirico, F., Miressi, S., Costaldo, C., Spera, R., Montagnani, S., Di Meglio, F., and Nurzynska, D. (2018). Habits and beliefs related to food supplements: Results of a survey among Italian students of different education fields and levels. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0191424"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Le, C., Finbr\u00e5ten, H.S., Pettersen, K.S., and Guttersrud, \u00d8. (2021, September 10). Health Literacy in the Norwegian population. Oslo: The Norwegian Directorate of Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.helsedirektoratet.no\/rapporter\/befolkningens-helsekompetanse."},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Creswell, J.W., and Creswell, J.D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, SAGE Publications, Inc."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Bowling, A. (2014). Research Methods in Health, Open University Press."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1097\/01.rhu.0000221817.46231.18","article-title":"The incidence of fibromyalgia and its associated comorbidities: A population-based retrospective cohort study based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th revision codes","volume":"12","author":"Weir","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1300","article-title":"Fibromyalgia\u2014An update","volume":"122","author":"Wigers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. L\u00e6geforen"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"2365","article-title":"Prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders in Norway","volume":"130","author":"Brage","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tidsskr. Nor. L\u00e6geforen"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecns.2016.08.002","article-title":"Making Sense of Methods and Measurement: Lawshe\u2019s Content Validity Index","volume":"12","author":"Gilbert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Simul. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2013.08.003","article-title":"Sampling in Development Science: Situations, shortcomings, solutions, and standards","volume":"33","author":"Bornstein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S31","DOI":"10.4103\/sja.SJA_543_18","article-title":"The STROBE guidelines","volume":"13","author":"Cuschieri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Saudi J. Anasthesia"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/1\/5\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T07:50:27Z","timestamp":1760169027000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/1\/5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14010005"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14010005","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}}}