{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T01:51:19Z","timestamp":1791337879929,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHP-humanmilk"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHP-humanmilk"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) processing is a non-thermal method proposed as an alternative to Holder pasteurization (HoP) for the sterilization of human breast milk (BM). HHP preserves numerous milk bioactive factors that are degraded by HoP, but no data are available for milk apelin and glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), two hormones implicated in the control of glucose metabolism directly and via the gut\u2013brain axis. This study aims to determine the effects of HoP and HHP processing on apelin and GLP-1 concentrations in BM and to test the effect of oral treatments with HoP- and HHP-BM on intestinal contractions and glucose metabolism in adult mice. Methods: Mice were treated by daily oral gavages with HoP- or HHP-BM during one week before intestinal contractions, and glucose tolerance was assessed. mRNA expression of enteric neuronal enzymes known to control intestinal contraction was measured. Results: HoP-BM displayed a reduced concentration of apelin and GLP-1, whereas HHP processing preserved these hormones close to their initial levels in raw milk. Chronic HHP-BM administration to mice increased ileal mRNA nNos expression level leading to a decrease in gut contraction associated with improved glucose tolerance. Conclusion: In comparison to HoP, HPP processing of BM preserves both apelin and GLP-1 and improves glucose tolerance by acting on gut contractions. This study reinforces previous findings demonstrating that HHP processing provides BM with a higher biological value than BM treated by HoP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1641759716000},"page":"219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["High Hydrostatic Pressure Processing of Human Milk Increases Apelin and GLP-1 Contents to Modulate Gut Contraction and Glucose Metabolism in Mice Compared to Holder Pasteurization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Eve","family":"Wemelle","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Digestive (IRSD), Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"European Associated Laboratory (EAL) \u00abNeuroMicrobiota\u00bb, International Research Projects (IRP) INSERM, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"European Associated Laboratory (EAL) \u00abNeuroMicrobiota\u00bb, International Research Projects (IRP) INSERM, 31024 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Marousez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6060-7638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"de Lamballerie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UMR CNRS 6144 GEPEA, ONIRIS, CS 82225, 44322 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5213-5378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claude","family":"Knauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1220, Institut de Recherche en Sant\u00e9 Digestive (IRSD), Universit\u00e9 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse III, CHU Purpan, Place du Docteur Baylac, CS 60039, CEDEX 3, 31024 Toulouse, France"},{"name":"European Associated Laboratory (EAL) \u00abNeuroMicrobiota\u00bb, International Research Projects (IRP) INSERM, 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"European Associated Laboratory (EAL) \u00abNeuroMicrobiota\u00bb, International Research Projects (IRP) INSERM, 31024 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Lesage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1286-INFINITE-Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, F-59000 Lille, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2021.03.002","article-title":"Necrotizing Enterocolitis","volume":"48","author":"Duchon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clp.2016.11.003","article-title":"Human Milk-Treatment and Quality of Banked Human Milk","volume":"44","author":"Picaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Billeaud, C. (2021). High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment Ensures the Microbiological Safety of Human Milk Including Bacillus cereus and Preservation of Bioactive Proteins Including Lipase and Immuno-Proteins: A Narrative Review. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061327"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10911-017-9382-y","article-title":"Impact of Metabolic Hormones Secreted in Human Breast Milk on Nutritional Programming in Childhood Obesity","volume":"22","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20345","article-title":"Presence and dynamics of leptin, GLP-1, and PYY in human breast milk at early postpartum","volume":"21","author":"Schueler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-310230","article-title":"Apelin targets gut contraction to control glucose metabolism via the brain","volume":"66","author":"Fournel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1159\/000500602","article-title":"Targeting the Enteric Nervous System to Treat Metabolic Disorders? \u201cEnterosynes\u201d as Therapeutic Gut Factors","volume":"110","author":"Knauf","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.11.2534S","article-title":"Glucagon-like peptide-1 and energy homeostasis","volume":"137","author":"Burcelin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1720","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1720","article-title":"Glucose competence of the hepatoportal vein sensor requires the presence of an activated glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor","volume":"50","author":"Burcelin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI25764","article-title":"Brain glucagon-like peptide-1 increases insulin secretion and muscle insulin resistance to favor hepatic glycogen storage","volume":"115","author":"Knauf","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1788","article-title":"Role of central nervous system glucagon-like Peptide-1 receptors in enteric glucose sensing","volume":"57","author":"Knauf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2018.00306","article-title":"A New High Hydrostatic Pressure Process to Assure the Microbial Safety of Human Milk While Preserving the Biological Activity of Its Main Components","volume":"6","author":"Demazeau","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320230","article-title":"Identification of new enterosynes using prebiotics: Roles of bioactive lipids and mu-opioid receptor signalling in humans and mice","volume":"70","author":"Abot","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2018.00323","article-title":"New Achievements in High-Pressure Processing to Preserve Human Milk Bioactivity","volume":"6","author":"Wesolowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02222","article-title":"Effect of HTST and Holder Pasteurization on the Concentration of Immunoglobulins, Growth Factors, and Hormones in Donor Human Milk","volume":"9","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2018.01.020","article-title":"Galanin enhances systemic glucose metabolism through enteric Nitric Oxide Synthase-expressed neurons","volume":"10","author":"Abot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"G945","article-title":"PYY and GLP-1 contribute to feedback inhibition from the canine ileum and colon","volume":"269","author":"Wen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1409","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00034.2006","article-title":"The physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1","volume":"87","author":"Holst","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1466","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.05.002","article-title":"Gut-brain communication by distinct sensory neurons differently controls feeding and glucose metabolism","volume":"33","author":"Borgmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2017.04.013","article-title":"A Specific Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis of Type 2 Diabetic Mice Induces GLP-1 Resistance through an Enteric NO-Dependent and Gut-Brain Axis Mechanism","volume":"25","author":"Grasset","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01657-8","article-title":"Liraglutide targets the gut microbiota and the intestinal immune system to regulate insulin secretion","volume":"58","author":"Charpentier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"664-e203","article-title":"Peripheral motor action of glucagon-like peptide-1 through enteric neuronal receptors","volume":"22","author":"Amato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13482","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13482","article-title":"Effects of exendin-4 on colonic motility in rats and its underlying mechanism","volume":"31","author":"Yan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil. Off. J. Eur. Gastrointest. Motil. Soc."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/1\/219\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:36:21Z","timestamp":1760362581000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/1\/219"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14010219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14010219","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}