{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T15:34:14Z","timestamp":1781796854168,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2013\/09\/B\/NZ6\/00849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013\/09\/B\/NZ6\/00849"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"National Science Centre","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02472"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/31\/B\/NZ6\/02472"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elucidating the mechanisms of bacterial translocation is crucial for the prevention and treatment of neonatal sepsis. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the potential of lactoferrin to inhibit the development of late-onset blood infection in neonates. Our investigation evaluates the role of key stress factors leading to the translocation of intestinal bacteria into the bloodstream and, consequently, the development of life-threatening sepsis. Three stress factors, namely weaning, intraperitoneal administration of Gram-positive cocci and oral intake of Gram-negative rods, were found to act synergistically. We developed a novel model of rat pups sepsis induced by bacterial translocation and observed the inhibition of this process by supplementation of various forms of lactoferrin: iron-depleted (apolactoferrin), iron-saturated (hololactoferrin) and manganese-saturated lactoferrin. Additionally, lactoferrin saturated with manganese significantly increases the Lactobacillus bacterial population, which contributes to the fortification of the intestinal barrier and inhibits the translocation phenomenon. The acquired knowledge can be used to limit the development of sepsis in newborns in hospital neonatal intensive care units.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1641759716000},"page":"243","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Multi-Component Causes of Late Neonatal Sepsis\u2014Can We Regulate Them?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Pilarczyk-Zurek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Majka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Chair of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Skowron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Department Diagnostyka S.A., 31-864 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Baranowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Piwowar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Telemedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-688 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7437-5230","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Strus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedneo.2015.09.007","article-title":"Early and late infections in newborns: Where do we stand? 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