{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T17:15:12Z","timestamp":1784049312204,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]],"date-time":"2022-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Ministration of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC.","award":["Grant number MOST:109-2320-B-030-012-MY3."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Grant number MOST:109-2320-B-030-012-MY3."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Few studies on humans have comprehensively evaluated the intake composition of methyl-donor nutrients (MDNs: choline, betaine, and folate) in relation to visceral obesity (VOB)-related hepatic steatosis (HS), the hallmark of non-alcoholic fatty liver diseases. In this case\u2013control study, we recruited 105 patients with HS and 104 without HS (controls). HS was diagnosed through ultrasound examination. VOB was measured using a whole-body analyzer. MDN intake was assessed using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. After adjustment for multiple HS risk factors, total choline intake was the most significant dietary determinant of HS in patients with VOB (Beta: \u22120.41, p = 0.01). Low intake of choline (&lt;6.9 mg\/kg body weight), betaine (&lt;3.1 mg\/kg body weight), and folate (&lt;8.8 \u03bcg\/kg body weight) predicted increased odds ratios (ORs) of VOB-related HS (choline: OR: 22, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 6.5\u201380; betaine: OR: 14, 95% CI: 4.4\u201350; and folate: OR: 19, 95% CI: 5.2\u201374). Combined high intake of choline and betaine, but not folate, was associated with an 81% reduction in VOB-related HS (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.05\u20130.69). Our data suggest that the optimal intake of choline and betaine can minimize the risk of VOB-related HS in a threshold-dependent manner.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020261","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T23:06:15Z","timestamp":1641769575000},"page":"261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Optimal Dietary Intake Composition of Choline and Betaine Is Associated with Minimized Visceral Obesity-Related Hepatic Steatosis in a Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsien","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City 242, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yang","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243089, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fu-Jen","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243089, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7558-4854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bei-Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243089, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0365-3915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia-Yau","family":"Doong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Shun","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chang-Sheng","family":"Kuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Fu Jen Catholic University Hospital, New Taipei City 243089, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rwei-Fen S.","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program in Nutrition and Food Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City 242062, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28431","article-title":"Global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease-Meta-analytic assessment of prevalence, incidence, and outcomes","volume":"64","author":"Younossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monserrat-Mesquida, M., Quetglas-Llabres, M., Abbate, M., Montemayor, S., Mascaro, C.M., Casares, M., Tejada, S., Abete, I., Zulet, M.A., and Tur, J.A. 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