{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T22:56:10Z","timestamp":1788216970895,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1004303"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1004303"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41871360"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871360"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Danone Institute China Diet Nutrition Research &amp; Communication Grant","award":["DIC2015-05"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DIC2015-05"]}]},{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Province","award":["ZD202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZD202002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Maternal vitamin D deficiency might generate adverse reproductive outcomes, and socio-economic inequalities in micronutrient-related diseases have often been found. This study aimed to explore the interactive effects of maternal vitamin D status and socio-economic status (SES) on risk of spontaneous abortion. Methods: A population-based case\u2013control study was conducted including 293 women with spontaneous abortion and 498 control women in December 2009 and January, 2010 in Henan Province, China. Information on pregnancy outcomes, maternal demographic, lifestyle and exposure factors and blood samples were collected at the same time. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D &lt; 20 ng\/mL. SES index was constructed with principal component analysis by aggregating women\u2019s and their husbands\u2019 education level and occupation, and household income and expenditure. Interactive effects were assessed on a multiplicative scale with ratio of the odds ratio (ROR). Results: Compared to those with high SES and vitamin D sufficiency, women with vitamin D deficiency and low SES index had an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (aOR: 1.99; 95% CI: 1.23\u20133.23). The ROR was 2.06 (95% CI: 1.04\u20134.10), indicating a significant positive multiplicative interaction. Conclusions: Maternal low SES may strengthen the effect of vitamin D deficiency exposure on spontaneous abortion risk in this Chinese population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Interactive Effects of Maternal Vitamin D Status and Socio-Economic Status on the Risk of Spontaneous Abortion: Evidence from Henan Province, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shiqi","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Research and China Center on Population Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Research and China Center on Population Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lifang","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Research and China Center on Population Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Chai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Prevention, Henan Key Laboratory of Population Defects Prevention, Zhengzhou 450002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijun","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Population Research and China Center on Population Health and Development, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuejun","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Andrology, Jinling Hospital, School of Medicine, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00682-6","article-title":"Miscarriage matters: The epidemiological, physical, psychological, and economic costs of early pregnancy loss","volume":"397","author":"Quenby","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e69","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(16)00007-3","article-title":"Stillbirths: Still neglected?","volume":"4","author":"Mullan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. 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