{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,4]],"date-time":"2026-07-04T18:26:06Z","timestamp":1783189566846,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004359","name":"Swedish Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FORMAS 2016-00272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FORMAS 2016-00272"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004359","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is common among preschoolers in low-income settings and a serious public health concern due to its association to increased morbidity and mortality. The limited consumption of vitamin A-rich food is contributing to the problem. Many factors may influence children\u2019s diet, including residential food environment, household wealth, and maternal education. However, very few studies in low-income settings have examined the relationship of these factors to children\u2019s diet together. This study aimed to assess the importance of residential food availability of three plant-based groups of vitamin A-rich foods, household wealth, and maternal education for preschoolers\u2019 consumption of plant-based vitamin A-rich foods in Addis Ababa. A multistage sampling procedure was used to enroll 5467 households with under-five children and 233 residential food environments with 2568 vendors. Data were analyzed using a multilevel binary logistic regression model. Overall, 36% (95% CI: 34.26, 36.95) of the study children reportedly consumed at least one plant-based vitamin A-rich food group in the 24-h dietary recall period. The odds of consuming any plant-based vitamin A-rich food were significantly higher among children whose mothers had a higher education level (AOR: 2.55; 95% CI: 2.01, 3.25), those living in the highest wealth quintile households (AOR: 2.37; 95% CI: 1.92, 2.93), and in residentials where vitamin A-rich fruits were available (AOR: 1.20; 95% CI: 1.02, 1.41). Further research in residential food environment is necessary to understand the purchasing habits, affordability, and desirability of plant-based vitamin A-rich foods to widen strategic options to improve its consumption among preschoolers in low-income and low-education communities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020296","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]],"date-time":"2022-01-11T20:33:04Z","timestamp":1641933184000},"page":"296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Residential Food Environment, Household Wealth and Maternal Education Association to Preschoolers\u2019 Consumption of Plant-Based Vitamin A-Rich Foods: The EAT Addis Survey in Addis Ababa"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Adane","family":"Kebede","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health System and Policy, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7053-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magnus","family":"Jirstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Geography, Lund University, 223 62 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alemayehu","family":"Worku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, College of Health Science, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa 1176, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4647-5178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kassahun","family":"Alemu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar P.O. Box 196, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna Y.","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Behavioral Sciences, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa 26751\/1000, Ethiopia"},{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Turner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5464-7756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva-Charlotte","family":"Ekstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yemane","family":"Berhane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Women\u2019s and Children Health, Uppsala University, 751 85 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Addis Continental Institute of Public Health, Addis Ababa 26751\/1000, Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572117715818","article-title":"Are low intakes and deficiencies in iron, vitamin A, zinc, and iodine of public health concern in Ethiopian, Kenyan, Nigerian, and South African children and adolescents?","volume":"38","author":"Harika","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. 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