{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:24:19Z","timestamp":1774023859843,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The default supply of vitamin D3 to humans is its endogenous production in UV-B-exposed skin [...]<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Vitamin D and Pigmented Skin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2633-0684","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carsten","family":"Carlberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holick, M.F. (2011). Photobiology of vitamin D. Vitamin D, Academic Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/b11228-13"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2014.00248","article-title":"Vitamin D: A critical and essential micronutrient for human health","volume":"5","author":"Bendik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2062","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI29449","article-title":"Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets","volume":"116","author":"Holick","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754056","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.754056","article-title":"Vitamin D treatment sequence is critical for transcriptome modulation of immune challenged primary human cells","volume":"12","author":"Malmberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2006.070060","article-title":"Reactivation of tuberculosis and vitamin D deficiency: The contribution of diet and exposure to sunlight","volume":"62","author":"Lapthorn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R133","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-20-0665","article-title":"Vitamin D and COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"Bilezikian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.23.2832","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and risk of multiple sclerosis","volume":"296","author":"Munger","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)06580-1","article-title":"Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: A birth-cohort study","volume":"358","author":"Hypponen","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ames, B.N., Grant, W.B., and Willett, W.C. (2021). Does the high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in African Americans contribute to health disparities?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020499"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.14142","article-title":"Skin color and vitamin D: An update","volume":"29","author":"Hanel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaan8433","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aan8433","article-title":"Loci associated with skin pigmentation identified in African populations","volume":"358","author":"Crawford","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhevol.2016.02.006","article-title":"Bipedality and hair loss in human evolution revisited: The impact of altitude and activity scheduling","volume":"94","author":"Dunbar","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hum. Evol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"20132955","article-title":"Was skin cancer a selective force for black pigmentation in early hominin evolution?","volume":"281","author":"Greaves","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701472R","article-title":"Melanin distribution in human epidermis affords localized protection against DNA photodamage and concurs with skin cancer incidence difference in extreme phototypes","volume":"32","author":"Fajuyigbe","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-083118-015230","article-title":"The genetics of human skin and hair pigmentation","volume":"20","author":"Pavan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.5114\/pdia.2013.33376","article-title":"Skin melanocytes: Biology and development","volume":"30","author":"Cichorek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.11.019","article-title":"Melanin has a small inhibitory effect on cutaneous vitamin D synthesis: A comparison of extreme phenotypes","volume":"140","author":"Young","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2009.323","article-title":"Vitamin D production after UVB exposure depends on baseline vitamin D and total cholesterol but not on skin pigmentation","volume":"130","author":"Bogh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.03.025","article-title":"Vitamin D production in UK Caucasian and South Asian women following UVR exposure","volume":"164","author":"Hakim","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511007161","article-title":"Traditionally living populations in East Africa have a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration of 115 nmol\/L","volume":"108","author":"Luxwolda","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1038\/nature19792","article-title":"Genomic analyses inform on migration events during the peopling of Eurasia","volume":"538","author":"Pagani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-genom-083117-021749","article-title":"Ancient genomics of modern humans: The first decade","volume":"19","author":"Skoglund","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Genom. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.04.015","article-title":"Fractional sunburn threshold UVR doses generate equivalent vitamin D and DNA damage in skin types I-VI but with epidermal DNA damage gradient correlated to skin darkness","volume":"138","author":"Shih","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2009227118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009227118","article-title":"The evolution of skin pigmentation associated variation in West Eurasia","volume":"118","author":"Ju","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/2\/325\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:14:55Z","timestamp":1760364895000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/2\/325"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14020325"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14020325","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]}}}