{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:18:13Z","timestamp":1791944293634,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSP18K11139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSP18K11139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JSP21K11607"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JSP21K11607"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The death of pancreatic islet \u03b2-cells (\u03b2-cells), which are the insulin-producing cells, promote the pathology in both Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) (T1DM and T2DM), and they are protected by autophagy which is one of the mechanisms of cell survival. Recently, that some advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), such as methylglyoxial-derived AGEs and N\u03b5-carboxymethyllysine, induced the death of \u03b2-cells were revealed. In contrast, we had reported AGEs derived from glyceraldehyde (GA, the metabolism intermediate of glucose and fructose) are considered to be toxic AGEs (TAGE) due to their cytotoxicity and role in the pathogenesis of T2DM. More, serum levels of TAGE are elevated in patients with T1 and T2DM, where they exert cytotoxicity. Aim: We researched the cytotoxicity of intracellular and extracellular TAGE in \u03b2-cells and the possibility that intracellular TAGE were associated with autophagy. Methods: 1.4E7 cells (a human \u03b2-cell line) were treated with GA, and analyzed viability, quantity of TAGE, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-I, LC3-II, and p62. We also examined the viability of 1.4E7 cells treated with TAGE-modified bovine serum albumin, a model of TAGE in the blood. Results: Intracellular TAGE induced death of 1.4E7 cells, decrease of LC3-I, LC3-II, and p62. Extracellular TAGE didn\u2019t show cytotoxicity in the physiological concentration. Conclusion: Intracellular TAGE induced death of \u03b2-cells more strongly than extracellular TAGE, and may suppress autophagy via reduction of LC3-I, LC3-II, and p62 to inhibit the degradation of them.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T03:14:03Z","timestamp":1642130043000},"page":"332","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Intracellular Toxic Advanced Glycation End-Products in 1.4E7 Cell Line Induce Death with Reduction of Microtubule-Associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 and p62"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0514-8584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takanobu","family":"Takata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1258-1725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akiko","family":"Sakasai-Sakai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1057-3764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masayoshi","family":"Takeuchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Advanced Medicine, Medical Research Institute, Kanazawa Medical University, Kahoku 920-0293, Ishikawa, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takeuchi, M., Sakasai-Sakai, A., Takata, T., Takino, J., Koriyama, Y., Kikuchi, C., Furukawa, A., Nagamine, K., Hori, T., and Matsunaga, T. 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