{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T19:26:31Z","timestamp":1791228391730,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The objective of the present research was to review the state of the art on the consequences of drinking coffee at the different levels of the gastrointestinal tract. At some steps of the digestive process, the effects of coffee consumption seem rather clear. This is the case for the stimulation of gastric acid secretion, the stimulation of biliary and pancreatic secretion, the reduction of gallstone risk, the stimulation of colic motility, and changes in the composition of gut microbiota. Other aspects are still controversial, such as the possibility for coffee to affect gastro-esophageal reflux, peptic ulcers, and intestinal inflammatory diseases. This review also includes a brief summary on the lack of association between coffee consumption and cancer of the different digestive organs, and points to the powerful protective effect of coffee against the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. This review reports the available evidence on different topics and identifies the areas that would most benefit from additional studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T20:46:03Z","timestamp":1642452363000},"page":"399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"title":["Effects of Coffee on the Gastro-Intestinal Tract: A Narrative Review and Literature Update"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5544-0893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Nehlig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U 1129, Pediatric Neurology, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, University of Paris Descartes, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U 1129, 67000 Strasbourg, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.05.029","article-title":"Drinking for protection? Epidemiological and experimental evidence on the beneficial effects of coffee or major coffee compounds against gastrointestinal and liver carcinogenesis","volume":"123","author":"Romualdo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iriondo-DeHond, A., Uranga, J.A., Del Castillo, M.D., and Abalo, R. (2020). Effects of Coffee and Its Components on the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Brain-Gut Axis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010088"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2004.06.007","article-title":"Effect of psychological stress on the salivary cortisol and amylase levels in healthy young adults","volume":"49","author":"Takai","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2009.01.014","article-title":"Salivary alpha-amylase as a non-invasive biomarker for the sympathetic nervous system: Current state of research","volume":"34","author":"Nater","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1126","article-title":"Caffeine and stress alter salivary alpha-amylase activity in young men","volume":"25","author":"Klein","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klein, L.C., Whetzel, C.A., Bennett, J.M., Ritter, F.E., Nater, U.M., and Schoelles, M. (2014). Caffeine administration does not alter salivary alpha-amylase activity in young male daily caffeine consumers. BMC Res. Notes, 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-30"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-016-0146-0","article-title":"Acute effects of coffee consumption on self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms, blood pressure and stress indices in healthy individuals","volume":"15","author":"Papakonstantinou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.005","article-title":"Delineation of the chemomechanosensory regulation of gastrin secretion using pure rodent G cells","volume":"137","author":"Kidd","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000213","article-title":"Functional anatomy and physiology of gastric secretion","volume":"31","author":"Schubert","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01307580","article-title":"Lower esophageal sphincter pressure, acid secretion, and blood gastrin after coffee consumption","volume":"37","author":"Kamemoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-154-39712","article-title":"Lack of caffeine stimulation of gastrin release in man","volume":"154","author":"Wright","year":"1977","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"455","article-title":"Der Einfluss von Kaffee und Coffein auf den Serumgastrinspiegel und die S\u00fcresekretion beim Menschen","volume":"101","author":"Schafmayer","year":"1976","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-198604000-00009","article-title":"Effect of regular and decaffeinated coffee on serum gastrin levels","volume":"8","author":"Acquaviva","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.061986","article-title":"Role of adenosine A2A receptor in the regulation of gastric somatostatin release","volume":"309","author":"Yip","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1433.061","article-title":"Time-dependent component-specific regulation of gastric acid secretion-related proteins by roasted coffee constituents","volume":"1126","author":"Rubach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201100453","article-title":"Multi-parametric approach to identify coffee components that regulate mechanisms of gastric acid secretion","volume":"56","author":"Rubach","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201300890","article-title":"A dark brown roast coffee blend is less effective at stimulating gastric acid secretion in healthy volunteers compared to a medium roast market blend","volume":"58","author":"Rubach","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1097\/00006231-199511000-00008","article-title":"The effect of coffee on gastric emptying","volume":"16","author":"Lien","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nucl. Med. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"35","article-title":"Coffee and gastrointestinal function: Facts and fiction","volume":"99","author":"Boekema","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00601.x","article-title":"The effect of coffee on gastric emptying and oro-caecal transit time","volume":"30","author":"Boekema","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"27","article-title":"Postprandial walking but not consumption of alcoholic digestifs or espresso accelerates gastric emptying in healthy volunteers","volume":"17","author":"Franke","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2014.09.006","article-title":"Coffee for morning hunger pangs. An examination of coffee and caffeine on appetite, gastric emptying, and energy intake","volume":"83","author":"Schubert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2017.1320537","article-title":"Caffeine, coffee, and appetite control: A review","volume":"68","author":"Schubert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"918","article-title":"Does postprandial coffee intake enhance gastric emptying?: A crossover study using continuous real time 13C breath test [BreathID system)","volume":"56","author":"Akimoto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.985","article-title":"Neuro-regulation of lower esophageal sphincter function as treatment for gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"14","author":"Sidhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01540424","article-title":"Environmental factors and chronic unexplained dyspepsia. Association with acetaminophen but not other analgesics, alcohol, coffee, tea, or smoking","volume":"33","author":"Talley","year":"1988","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"1339","article-title":"Comparison of coffee intake and coffee-induced symptoms in patients with duodenal ulcer, nonulcer dyspepsia, and normal controls","volume":"85","author":"Elta","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.13.1427","article-title":"Dyspepsia in the community is linked to smoking and aspirin use but not to Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"158","author":"Nandurkar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2000.2126_1.x","article-title":"The proportion of upper gastrointestinal symptoms in the community associated with Helicobacter pylori, lifestyle factors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Leeds HELP Study Group","volume":"5","author":"Moayyedi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-2977(01)00128-0","article-title":"Functional bowel symptoms in a general Dutch population and associations with common stimulants","volume":"59","author":"Boekema","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022860019852","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind comparison of two different coffee-roasting processes on development of heartburn and dyspepsia in coffee-sensitive individuals","volume":"48","author":"DiBaise","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"19","article-title":"The role of diet in the management of non-ulcer dyspepsia","volume":"7","author":"Aghaei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Middle East J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3942","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.902705","article-title":"Certain Dietary Habits Contribute to the Functional Dyspepsia in South China Rural Area","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12506","article-title":"Food and functional dyspepsia: A systematic review","volume":"31","author":"Duncanson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.10.009","article-title":"Effects of a non-caffeinated coffee substitute on functional dyspepsia","volume":"41","author":"Correia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1690","article-title":"Body weight, lifestyle, dietary habits and gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"15","author":"Festi","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198007173030302","article-title":"Pathogenesis of coffee-induced gastrointestinal symptoms","volume":"303","author":"Cohen","year":"1980","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"484","article-title":"The effect of coffee and tea upon lower esophageal sphincteric function","volume":"81","author":"Gudjonsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Laeknabladid"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(80)90922-1","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of coffee on lower esophageal sphincter pressure","volume":"79","author":"Thomas","year":"1980","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3497","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170515123807","article-title":"Food and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease","volume":"26","author":"Negrutiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.1994.tb00289.x","article-title":"Effect of decaffeination of coffee or tea on gastro-oesophageal reflux","volume":"8","author":"Wendl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"668","article-title":"The incidence of reflux esophagitis among the Chinese","volume":"92","author":"Chang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arivan, R., and Deepanjali, S. (2018). Prevalence and risk factors of gastro-esophageal reflux disease among undergraduate medical students from a southern Indian medical school: A cross-sectional study. BMC Res. Notes, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-018-3569-1"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1007\/s12664-011-0112-x","article-title":"Epidemiology and symptom profile of gastroesophageal reflux in the Indian population: Report of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology Task Force","volume":"30","author":"Bhatia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2006.00562.x","article-title":"Effect of caffeine on lower esophageal sphincter pressure in Thai healthy volunteers","volume":"19","author":"Lohsiriwat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.9.965","article-title":"Are lifestyle measures effective in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease? An evidence-based approach","volume":"166","author":"Kaltenbach","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/dote.12099","article-title":"Association between coffee intake and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"27","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Chen, C., Ouyang, Z., Duan, C., Liu, J., Hou, X., and Bai, T. (2021). Prevalence and beverage-related risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease: An original study in Chinese college freshmen, a systemic review and meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol. Motil., e14266.","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14266"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199911000-00015","article-title":"Effect of coffee on gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease and healthy controls","volume":"11","author":"Boekema","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.043265","article-title":"Lifestyle related risk factors in the aetiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux","volume":"53","author":"Nilsson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-007-0108-7","article-title":"Diet, lifestyle and gender in gastro-esophageal reflux disease","volume":"53","author":"Dore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.02.033","article-title":"Determinants of gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults with a history of childhood gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"5","author":"Richardson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.11.019","article-title":"Lifestyle factors and risk for symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux in monozygotic twins","volume":"132","author":"Zheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2010.06.001","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease in an impoverished minority population","volume":"4","author":"Friedenberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2011.01287.x","article-title":"Prevalence and determinants of frequent gastroesophageal reflux symptoms in the Australian community","volume":"25","author":"Pandeya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shimamoto, T., Yamamichi, N., Kodashima, S., Takahashi, Y., Fujishiro, M., Oka, M., Mitsushima, T., and Koike, K. (2013). No association of coffee consumption with gastric ulcer, duodenal ulcer, reflux esophagitis, and non-erosive reflux disease: A cross-sectional study of 8013 healthy subjects in Japan. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065996"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2012.01402.x","article-title":"The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease among hospital employees","volume":"27","author":"Ercelep","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kubo, A., Block, G., Quesenberry, C.P., Buffler, P., and Corley, D.A. (2014). Dietary guideline adherence for gastroesophageal reflux disease. BMC Gastroenterol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-14-144"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.64","article-title":"Association between coffee or tea drinking and Barrett\u2019s esophagus or esophagitis: An Italian study","volume":"71","author":"Filiberti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1756284819877788","DOI":"10.1177\/1756284819877788","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention for gastroesophageal reflux disease: A national multicenter survey of lifestyle factor effects on gastroesophageal reflux disease in China","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Therap. Adv. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.4103\/tcmj.tcmj_48_18","article-title":"The role of tea and coffee in the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"31","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tzu. Chi. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01769.x","article-title":"Symptoms of gastro-oesophageal reflux: Prevalence, severity, duration and associated factors in a Spanish population","volume":"19","author":"Rey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00161.x","article-title":"The effect of decaffeination of coffee on gastro-oesophageal reflux in patients with reflux disease","volume":"11","author":"Pehl","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v10.i11.1647","article-title":"Epidemiology of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A general population-based study in Xi\u2019an of Northwest China","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.12.61","article-title":"Epidemiological study on the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms in patients in acute treatment with NSAIDs","volume":"7","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2050.2012.01417.x","article-title":"Differences in the risk factors of reflux esophagitis according to age in Korea","volume":"27","author":"Park","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dis. Esophagus"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5499","DOI":"10.19082\/5499","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux disease among population of Arar City, Northern Saudi Arabia","volume":"9","author":"Alsulobi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Electron. Physician"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.11.040","article-title":"Association Between Beverage Intake and Incidence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms","volume":"18","author":"Mehta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa082","article-title":"Genetic evidence that higher central adiposity causes gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"49","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.12.007","article-title":"Coffee or Tea, Hot or Cold, Are Not Associated with Risk of Barrett\u2019s Esophagus","volume":"14","author":"Sajja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313589","article-title":"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for, gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: A meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Eusebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"21","article-title":"Risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms related to lifestyle and diet","volume":"72","author":"Taraszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rocz. Panstw. Zakl. Hig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(78)90410-9","article-title":"Food sensitivity in reflux esophagitis","volume":"75","author":"Price","year":"1978","journal-title":"Gastroenterology."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20279","article-title":"Weight loss can lead to resolution of gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms: A prospective intervention trial","volume":"21","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity Silver Spring"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(85)90103-9","article-title":"Development of stress-induced gastric lesions involves central adenosine A1-receptor stimulation","volume":"339","author":"Ushijima","year":"1985","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199701000-00002","article-title":"Meta-analysis of risk factors for peptic ulcer. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, Helicobacter pylori, and smoking","volume":"24","author":"Kurata","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.2.186","article-title":"Risk factors for peptic ulcer disease: A population based prospective cohort study comprising 2416 Danish adults","volume":"52","author":"Rosenstock","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199707000-00012","article-title":"A prospective study of alcohol, smoking, caffeine, and the risk of duodenal ulcer in men","volume":"8","author":"Aldoori","year":"1997","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"727","article-title":"How diet and lifestyle affect duodenal ulcers. Review of the evidence","volume":"50","author":"Aldoori","year":"2004","journal-title":"Can. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.1996.tb00087.x","article-title":"Risk factors of peptic ulcer disease: Different impact of Helicobacter pylori in Dutch and Japanese populations?","volume":"11","author":"Schlemper","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-012-0807-2","article-title":"Antiulcerogenic activity of chlorogenic acid in different models of gastric ulcer","volume":"386","author":"Shimoyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12177","article-title":"Review: Prospects for the use of extracts and polysaccharides from marine algae to prevent and treat the diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori","volume":"20","author":"Besednova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2004.03555.x","article-title":"Selective adenosine A receptor agonist, ATL-146e, attenuates stress-induced gastric lesions in rats","volume":"20","author":"Odashima","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.3.553","article-title":"Coffee stimulation of cholecystokinin release and gallbladder contraction in humans","volume":"52","author":"Douglas","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2004.04143.x","article-title":"Smoking, coffee, and pancreatitis","volume":"99","author":"Morton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2005.12.006","article-title":"Ca2+ signalling and pancreatitis: Effects of alcohol, bile and coffee","volume":"27","author":"Petersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1046\/j.0953-0673.2003.01721.x","article-title":"The burden of GD in Europe","volume":"18","author":"Aerts","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.5009\/gnl.2012.6.2.172","article-title":"Epidemiology of gallbladder disease: Cholelithiasis and cancer","volume":"6","author":"Stinton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut Liver"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13328","article-title":"Systematic review with meta-analysis: Coffee consumption and the risk of gallstone disease","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1615\/JLongTermEffMedImplants.2020034732","article-title":"Dietary Intake and Cholelithiasis: A Review","volume":"29","author":"Kotrotsios","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Long Term Eff. Med. Implants"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/20.1.209","article-title":"Risk factors for gallstone disease requiring surgery","volume":"20","author":"Negri","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199606000-00017","article-title":"Epidemiology of cholelithiasis in southern Italy. Part II: Risk factors","volume":"8","author":"Misciagna","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709011208","article-title":"Gallstone prevalence in relation to smoking, alcohol, coffee consumption, and nutrition. The Ulm Gallstone Study","volume":"32","author":"Kratzer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009505","article-title":"Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni","volume":"147","author":"Sahi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.22.2106","article-title":"A prospective study of coffee consumption and the risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in men","volume":"281","author":"Leitzmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1034","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/152.11.1034","article-title":"Association of coffee consumption with gallbladder disease","volume":"152","author":"Ruhl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2002.37054","article-title":"Coffee intake is associated with lower risk of symptomatic gallstone disease in women","volume":"123","author":"Leitzmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024237927985","article-title":"Relation of coffee, green tea, and caffeine intake to gallstone disease in middle-aged Japanese men","volume":"18","author":"Ishizuka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32833efdb2","article-title":"The effect of alcohol, tobacco and caffeine consumption and vegetarian diet on gallstone prevalence","volume":"22","author":"Walcher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2014.09.029","article-title":"Inverse association between coffee consumption and risk of cholecystectomy in women but not in men","volume":"13","author":"Nordenvall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.12970","article-title":"Coffee intake protects against symptomatic gallstone disease in the general population: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"287","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13443-2_16","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects of methylxanthines","volume":"200","author":"Riksen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Handb. Exp. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"400","article-title":"Caffeine prevents cholesterol gallstone formation","volume":"106","author":"Lillemoe","year":"1989","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"477","article-title":"Caffeine inhibits gallbladder absorption","volume":"46","author":"Magnuson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Curr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(89)90203-6","article-title":"Stimulation of bile acid active transport related to increased mucosal cyclic AMP content in rat ileum in vitro","volume":"1011","author":"Reymann","year":"1989","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-4889(86)90202-8","article-title":"The effect of dibutyryl cyclic AMP on the excretion of taurocholic acid from isolated rat liver cells","volume":"889","author":"Botham","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.31.4.450","article-title":"Effect of coffee on distal colon function","volume":"31","author":"Brown","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-150557","article-title":"Linking Smoking, Coffee, Urate, and Parkinson\u2019s Disease\u2014A Role for Gut Microbiota?","volume":"5","author":"Scheperjans","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Parkinsons Dis."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199802000-00003","article-title":"Is coffee a colonic stimulant?","volume":"10","author":"Rao","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520510015872","article-title":"Stimulation of defecation: Effects of coffee use and nicotine on rectal tone and visceral sensitivity","volume":"40","author":"Sloots","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2007.00974.x","article-title":"Risk factors for chronic constipation and a possible role of analgesics","volume":"19","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602365","article-title":"Dietary intake in relation to self-reported constipation among Japanese women aged 18\u201320 years","volume":"60","author":"Murakami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17349","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-35752-2","article-title":"Effect of postoperative coffee consumption on gastrointestinal function after abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"8","author":"Eamudomkarn","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.06.003","article-title":"Coffee to go? The effect of coffee on resolution of ileus following abdominal surgery: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"39","author":"Cornwall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000496431","article-title":"Effect of Caffeine Intake on Postoperative Ileus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"37","author":"Gkegkes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jopan.2019.07.004","article-title":"The Use of Coffee to Decrease the Incidence of Postoperative Ileus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Kane","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Perianesth. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watanabe, J., Miki, A., Koizumi, M., Kotani, K., and Sata, N. (2021). Effect of Postoperative Coffee Consumption on Postoperative Ileus after Abdominal Surgery: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124394"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.8885","article-title":"Randomized clinical trial on the effect of coffee on postoperative ileus following elective colectomy","volume":"99","author":"Rahbari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1586\/egh.12.78","article-title":"Can postoperative coffee perk up recovery time after colon surgery?","volume":"7","author":"Rahbari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1097\/DCR.0000000000000449","article-title":"Effect of coffee on the length of postoperative ileus after elective laparoscopic left-sided colectomy: A randomized, prospective single-center study","volume":"58","author":"Dulskas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dis. Colon Rectum"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.10.019","article-title":"Effects of coffee consumption on gut recovery after surgery of gynecological cancer patients: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"216","author":"Sanci","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2015.69.357-361","article-title":"The effects of drinking coffee while recovering from colon and rectal resection surgery","volume":"69","author":"Piric","year":"2015","journal-title":"Med. Arch."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2017.07.028","article-title":"Does coffee affect the bowel function after caesarean section?","volume":"220","author":"Rabiepoor","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijsu.2020.08.016","article-title":"Coffee consumption for recovery of intestinal function after laparoscopic gynecological surgery: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"82","author":"Paskal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.2020.0014","article-title":"Can coffee consumption be used to accelerate the recovery of bowel function after cesarean section? Randomized prospective trial","volume":"91","author":"Toker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ginekol. Polska"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1007\/s10151-021-02450-7","article-title":"Does caffeine enhance bowel recovery after elective colorectal resection? A prospective double-blinded randomized clinical trial","volume":"25","author":"Parnasa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Tech. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-015-0070-8","article-title":"Patients\u2019 perceptions on the impact of coffee consumption in inflammatory bowel disease: Friend or foe?\u2014A patient survey","volume":"14","author":"Barthel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02250-z","article-title":"Habitual dietary intake of IBD patients differs from population controls: A case-control study","volume":"60","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000051878","article-title":"Food-related gastrointestinal symptoms in the irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"63","author":"Langkilde","year":"2001","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.4103\/jfmpc.jfmpc_173_18","article-title":"Efficiency of diet change in irritable bowel syndrome","volume":"7","author":"Bardisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Fam. Med. Prim. Care"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632469","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.632469","article-title":"Association of Coffee and Caffeine Intake With Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Adults","volume":"8","author":"Koochakpoor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_512_18","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors of IBS among medical and nonmedical students in the Jouf University","volume":"23","author":"Wani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"128","article-title":"Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence in city center of Sivas","volume":"14","author":"Karaman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Turk. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1063","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2014-307410","article-title":"Asia-Pacific Crohn\u2019s and Colitis Epidemiology Study ACCESS Group. Environmental risk factors in inflammatory bowel disease: A population-based case-control study in Asia-Pacific","volume":"64","author":"Ng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izaa152","article-title":"Cigarette Smoking, Coffee Consumption, Alcohol Intake, and Risk of Crohn\u2019s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis: A Mendelian Randomization Study","volume":"27","author":"Georgiou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15795","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015795","article-title":"Beverage intake and risk of Crohn disease: A meta-analysis of 16 epidemiological studies","volume":"98","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08821","article-title":"A human gut microbial gene catalogue established by metagenomic sequencing","volume":"464","author":"Qin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6989","DOI":"10.1021\/jf070646b","article-title":"Dietary fiber from coffee beverage: Degradation by human fecal microbiota","volume":"55","author":"Gniechwitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200700509","article-title":"Characterization of high molecular weight coffee fractions and their fermentation by human intestinal microbiota","volume":"53","author":"Reichardt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.01.011","article-title":"Impact of coffee consumption on the gut microbiota: A human volunteer study","volume":"130","author":"Jaquet","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114514003948","article-title":"In vitro colonic metabolism of coffee and chlorogenic acid results in selective changes in human faecal microbiota growth","volume":"113","author":"Mills","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4781","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300581s","article-title":"Metabolomics view on gut microbiome modulation by polyphenol-rich foods","volume":"11","author":"Moco","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_144","first-page":"241","article-title":"Short term effects of coffee components consumption on gut microbiota in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver and diabetes: A pilot randomized placebo-controlled, clinical trial","volume":"19","author":"Mansour","year":"2020","journal-title":"EXCLI J."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-54808-5","article-title":"Seven-day Green Tea Supplementation Revamps Gut Microbiome and Caecum\/Skin Metabolome in Mice from Stress","volume":"9","author":"Jung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1039\/C9FO02589H","article-title":"Effects of regular and decaffeinated roasted coffee (Coffea arabica and Coffea canephora) extracts and bioactive compounds on in vitro probiotic bacterial growth","volume":"112","author":"Sales","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez, S., Salazar, N., Ruiz-Saavedra, S., G\u00f3mez-Mart\u00edn, M., de Los Reyes-Gavil\u00e1n, C.G., and Gueimonde, M. (2020). Long-Term Coffee Consumption is Associated with Fecal Microbial Composition in Humans. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051287"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harakeh, S., Angelakis, E., Karamitros, T., Bachar, D., Bahijri, S., Ajabnoor, G., Alfadul, S.M., Farraj, S.A., Al Amri, T., and Al-Hejin, A. (2020). Impact of smoking cessation, coffee and bread consumption on the intestinal microbial composition among Saudis: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0230895"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2020.128567","article-title":"Interplay between dietary phenolic compound intake and the human gut microbiome in hypertension: A cross-sectional study","volume":"344","author":"Companys","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1039\/C5FO00853K","article-title":"Phenolic compounds from red wine and coffee are associated with specific intestinal microorganisms in allergic subjects","volume":"7","author":"Cuervo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/1574-6968.12142","article-title":"Influence of coffee (Coffea arabica) and galacto-oligosaccharide consumption on intestinal microbiota and the host responses","volume":"343","author":"Nakayama","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2011.00398.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of intestinal Bifidobacterium strains isolated from healthy infants","volume":"56","author":"Khokhlova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forsyth, C.B., Shannon, K.M., Kordower, J.H., Voigt, R.M., Shaikh, M., Jaglin, J.A., Estes, J.D., Dodiya, H.B., and Keshavarzian, A. (2011). Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson\u2019s disease. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028032"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2005.06.008","article-title":"Alterations in the colonic flora and intestinal permeability and evidence of immune activation in chronic constipation","volume":"37","author":"Khalif","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00082.2014","article-title":"Structural changes in the gut microbiome of constipated patients","volume":"46","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm14048","article-title":"Change of Fecal Flora and Effectiveness of the Short-term VSL#3 Probiotic Treatment in Patients with Functional Constipation","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barandouzi, Z.A., Lee, J., Maas, K., Starkweather, A.R., and Cong, X.S. (2021). Altered Gut Microbiota in Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Its Association with Food Components. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11010035"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16173","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34571-9","article-title":"Effect of coffee or coffee components on gut microbiome and short-chain fatty acids in a mouse model of metabolic syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Nishitsuji","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201902416RR","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiota by spent coffee grounds attenuates diet-induced metabolic syndrome in rats","volume":"34","author":"Bhandarkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2013.12.009","article-title":"Chronic coffee consumption in the diet-induced obese rat: Impact on gut microbiota and serum metabolomics","volume":"25","author":"Cowan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Faust, K., Sathirapongsasuti, J.F., Izard, J., Segata, N., Gevers, D., Raes, J., and Huttenhower, C. (2012). Microbial co-occurrence relationships in the human microbiome. PLoS Comput. Biol., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1002606"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-18-0184","article-title":"Association of Coffee and Tea Intake with the Oral Microbiome: Results from a Large Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"27","author":"Peters","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(16)30239-X","article-title":"Carcinogenicity of drinking coffee, mate, and very hot beverages","volume":"17","author":"Loomis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","unstructured":"ARC Working Group on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans (2018). Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000515","article-title":"Association between coffee intake and the risk of oral cavity cancer: A meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"29","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0514","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000010514","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of esophageal cancer incidence: A meta-analysis of epidemiologic studies","volume":"97","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med. Baltim."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1016\/j.burns.2007.09.012","article-title":"Calculating the optimum temperature for serving hot beverages","volume":"34","author":"Brown","year":"2008","journal-title":"Burns"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.24445","article-title":"High-temperature beverages and foods and esophageal cancer risk--a systematic review","volume":"125","author":"Islami","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"578","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of gastric cancer: An updated meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martimianaki, G., Bertuccio, P., Alicandro, G., Pelucchi, C., Bravi, F., Carioli, G., Bonzi, R., Rabkin, C.S., Liao, L.M., and Sinha, R. (2021). Coffee consumption and gastric cancer: A pooled analysis from the Stomach Cancer Pooling Project consortium. Eur. J. Cancer Prev., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000680"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2016.1115093","article-title":"Coffee consumption and the risk of incident gastric cancer--A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies","volume":"68","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1080\/09637486.2018.1551337","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of pancreatic cancer: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"70","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.31994","article-title":"Coffee and pancreatic cancer risk among never-smokers in the UK prospective Million Women Study","volume":"145","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_174","first-page":"253","article-title":"Coffee Consumption and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Update Meta-analysis of Cohort Studies","volume":"32","author":"Ran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3134","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-018-5214-1","article-title":"Heavy Coffee Consumption and Risk of Pancreatitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djw237","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djw237","article-title":"Coffee Consumption and Risk of Gallbladder Cancer in a Prospective Study","volume":"109","author":"Larsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sartini, M., Bragazzi, N.L., Spagnolo, A.M., Schinca, E., Ottria, G., Dupont, C., and Cristina, M.L. (2019). Coffee Consumption and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030694"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2020.21.5.1177","article-title":"Coffee Consumption and Colon Cancer Risk: A Meta- Epidemiological Study of Asian Cohort Studies","volume":"21","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canep.2020.101730","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of colorectal cancer in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort","volume":"67","author":"Um","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaoncol.2020.3938","article-title":"Association of Coffee Intake with Survival in Patients with Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer","volume":"6","author":"Mackintosh","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Oncol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1097\/CEJ.0000000000000252","article-title":"Coffee and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma and chronic liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"26","author":"Bravi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013739","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-013739","article-title":"Coffee, including caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee, and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis","volume":"7","author":"Kennedy","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"421","article-title":"Inverse Association of Coffee with Liver Cancer Development: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Bhurwal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_184","first-page":"143","article-title":"Coffee consumption and liver cancer risk in Japan: A meta-analysis of six prospective cohort studies","volume":"81","author":"Tamura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nagoya J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1740","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.03.044","article-title":"Coffee consumption and risk of liver cancer: A meta-analysis","volume":"132","author":"Larsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15089","article-title":"Protective effects of coffee consumption following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis","volume":"49","author":"Wiltberger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kennedy, O.J., Fallowfield, J.A., Poole, R., Hayes, P.C., Parkes, J., and Roderick, P.J. (2021). All coffee types decrease the risk of adverse clinical outcomes in chronic liver disease: A UK Biobank study. BMC Public Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-10991-7"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yaya, I., Marcellin, F., Costa, M., Morlat, P., Protopopescu, C., Pialoux, G., Santos, M.E., Wittkop, L., Esterle, L., and Gervais, A. (2018). Impact of Alcohol and Coffee Intake on the Risk of Advanced Liver Fibrosis: A Longitudinal Analysis in HIV-HCV Coinfected Patients (ANRS HEPAVIH CO-13 Cohort). Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060705"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2020.08.071","article-title":"The effect of coffee consumption on the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and liver fibrosis: A meta-analysis of 11 epidemiological studies","volume":"20","author":"Hayat","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sewter, R., Heaney, S., and Patterson, A. (2021). Coffee Consumption and the Progression of NAFLD: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072381"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1755912","article-title":"Associations of Coffee Consumption with the Circulating Level of Alanine Aminotransferase and Aspartate Aminotransferase. A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"40","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.09.075","article-title":"Coffee and caffeine consumption reduce the risk of elevated serum alanine aminotransferase activity in the United States","volume":"128","author":"Ruhl","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1360","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23162","article-title":"Coffee intake is associated with lower rates of liver disease progression in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"50","author":"Freedman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0000000000000757","article-title":"Impact of caffeine in hepatitis C virus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"29","author":"Wijarnpreecha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hodge, A., Lim, S., Goh, E., Wong, O., Marsh, P., Knight, V., Sievert, W., and de Courten, B. (2017). Coffee Intake Is Associated with a Lower Liver Stiffness in Patients with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Hepatitis C, and Hepatitis B. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9010056"},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"29","article-title":"Coffee and hepatocellular carcinoma: Epidemiologic evidence and biologic mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Pelizzaro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatoma Res."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/2\/399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:02:57Z","timestamp":1760133777000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/2\/399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]},"references-count":196,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14020399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14020399","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]]}}}