{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:40:56Z","timestamp":1760136056428,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":134,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021\/1102552-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021\/1102552-0"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency is a major health risk for infants and children in low- and middle-income countries. This scoping review identified, quantified, and mapped research for use in updating nutrient requirements and upper limits for vitamin A in children aged 0 to 48 months, using health-based or modelling-based approaches. Structured searches were run on Medline, EMBASE, and Cochrane Central, from inception to 19 March 2021. Titles and abstracts were assessed independently in duplicate, as were 20% of full texts. Included studies were tabulated by question, methodology and date, with the most relevant data extracted and assessed for risk of bias. We found that the most recent health-based systematic reviews and trials assessed the effects of supplementation, though some addressed the effects of staple food fortification, complementary foods, biofortified maize or cassava, and fortified drinks, on health outcomes. Recent isotopic tracer studies and modelling approaches may help quantify the effects of bio-fortification, fortification, and food-based approaches for increasing vitamin A depots. A systematic review and several trials identified adverse events associated with higher vitamin A intakes, which should be useful for setting upper limits. We have generated and provide a database of relevant research. Full systematic reviews, based on this scoping review, are needed to answer specific questions to set vitamin A requirements and upper limits.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1642545992000},"page":"407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evidence to Underpin Vitamin A Requirements and Upper Limits in Children Aged 0 to 48 Months: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-3331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Hooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8808-0345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chizoba","family":"Esio-Bassey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5272-7995","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julii","family":"Brainard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0019-324X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith","family":"Fynn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5333-714X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amy","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-2985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7534-5183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bhavesh V.","family":"Tailor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9897-5433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Asmaa","family":"Abdelhamid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Calvin","family":"Coe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8779-870X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Latife","family":"Esgunoglu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"Fallon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ernestina","family":"Gyamfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3614-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3060-3270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Howard Wilsher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nithin","family":"Narayanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8492-0960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Titilopemi","family":"Oladosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0226-4099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ellice","family":"Parkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meysoon","family":"Qurashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Luton and Dunstable Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton LU4 0DZ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4530-6399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luke","family":"Read","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Getley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fujian","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6702-3704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ailsa A.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2129-6982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Aggett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lancashire School of Postgraduate Medicine and Health, University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2103-0335","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georg","family":"Lietz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Nutrition Research Centre, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e528","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00039-X","article-title":"Trends and mortality effects of vitamin A deficiency in children in 138 low-income and middle-income countries between 1991 and 2013: A pooled analysis of population-based surveys","volume":"3","author":"Stevens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wirth, J.P., Petry, N., Tanumihardjo, S.A., Rogers, L.M., McLean, E., Greig, A., Garrett, G.S., Klemm, R.D.W., and Rohner, F. (2017). Vitamin A Supplementation Programs and Country-Level Evidence of Vitamin A Deficiency. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030190"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imdad, A., Mayo-Wilson, E., Herzer, K., and Bhutta, Z.A. (2017). Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years of age. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008524.pub3"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation Evidence group (2019). Early neonatal vitamin A supplementation and infant mortality: An individual participant data meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch. Dis. Child., 104, 217\u2013226.","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2018-315242"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imdad, A., Rehman, F., Davis, E., Attia, S., Ranjit, D., Surin, G.S., Lawler, S., Smith, A., and Bhutta, Z.A. (2020). Effect of Synthetic Vitamin A and Probiotics Supplementation for Prevention of Morbidity and Mortality during the Neonatal Period. A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies from Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030791"},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"IOM (Institute of Medicine) (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academy Press."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011). Strategies to Prevent Obesity and Other Chronic Diseases: The CDC Guide to Strategies to Increase the Consumption of Fruits and Vegetables, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies) (2015). Scientific opinion on Dietary Reference Values for vitamin A. EFSA J., 13, 4028.","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2015.4028"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"WHO\/FAO (World Health Organization\/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) (2004). Vitamin and Mineral Requirements in Human Nutrition: Report of a JOINT FAO\/WHO Expert Consultation 21\u201330 September 1998, WHO."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1177\/0379572116630642","article-title":"Current Capabilities and Limitations of Stable Isotope Techniques and Applied Mathematical Equations in Determining Whole-Body Vitamin A Status","volume":"37","author":"Lietz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nordic Council of Ministers (2014). Nordic Nutrition Recommendations 2012. Integrating Nutrition and Physical Activity, Nordic Council of Ministers. Available online: https:\/\/www.norden.org\/en\/publication\/nordic-nutrition-recommendations-2012.","DOI":"10.26530\/OAPEN_483279"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"COMA (1991). 41 Dietary Reference Values for Food Energy and Nutrients for the United Kingdom Report of the Panel on Dietary Reference Values of the Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy, TSO."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.110.133124","article-title":"The Paired Deuterated Retinol Dilution Technique Can Be Used to Estimate the Daily Vitamin A Intake Required to Maintain a Targeted Whole Body Vitamin A Pool Size in Men","volume":"141","author":"Haskell","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Joint FAO WHO Technical Workshop on Food Nutrient Risk Assessment (2022, January 10). A model for establishing upper levels of intake for nutrients and related substances: Report of a Joint FAO\/WHO Technical Workshop on Food Nutrient Risk Assessment, WHO Headquarters, Geneva, Switzerland, 2\u20136 May 2005. World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, Available online: https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/handle\/10665\/43451."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Higgins, J.P., and Green, S. (2011). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.1.0 (Updated March 2011), The Cochrane Collaboration."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). Covidence Systematic Review Software; Veritas Health Innovation: Melbourne, Australia. Available online: www.covidence.org."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850","article-title":"PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation","volume":"169","author":"Tricco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee (2022, January 10). Scientific Report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee: Advisory Report to the Secretary of Agriculture and the Secretary of Health and Human Services, Available online: https:\/\/www.dietaryguidelines.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-07\/ScientificReport_of_the_2020DietaryGuidelinesAdvisoryCommittee_first-print.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"D-A-CH (Deutsche Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung, \u00d6.G.f.E. (2015). Schweizerische Gesellschaft f\u00fcr Ern\u00e4hrung). Referenzwerte f\u00fcr die N\u00e4hrstoffzufuhr. 2. Auflage, 1. Ausgabe, DGE."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council (1992). Recommended Dietary Allowances 1989 in the Netherlands, Netherlands Food and Nutrition Council."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"SCF (Scientific Committee for Food) (1993). Nutrient and Energy Intakes for the European Community. Reports of the Scientific Committee for Food, 31st Series, European Commission."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Afssa (Agence Fran\u00e7aise de S\u00e9curit\u00e9 Sanitaire des Aliments) (2001). Apports Nutritionnels Conseill\u00e9s pour la Population Fran\u00e7aise, Editions Tec&Doc."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"358","article-title":"AMSTAR 2: A critical appraisal tool for systematic reviews that include randomised or non-randomised studies of healthcare interventions, or both","volume":"21","author":"Shea","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmaa137","article-title":"Metabolism of Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation: A Systematic Review","volume":"12","author":"Gannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"CD010068","article-title":"Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency","volume":"5","author":"Hombali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-81232018243.07112017","article-title":"Efect of vitamin A suplementation: A systematic review","volume":"24","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa290","article-title":"Daily consumption of pro-vitamin A biofortified (yellow) cassava improves serum retinol concentrations in preschool children in Nigeria: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"113","author":"Afolami","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa260","article-title":"High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation to Bangladeshi Infants Increases the Percentage of CCR9-Positive Treg Cells in Infants with Lower Birthweight in Early Infancy, and Decreases Plasma sCD14 Concentration and the Prevalence of Vitamin A Deficiency at Two Years of Age","volume":"150","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, N., Penkert, R.R., Jones, B.G., Sealy, R.E., Surman, S.L., Sun, Y., Tang, L., De Beauchamp, J., Webb, A., and Richardson, J. (2019). Baseline serum Vitamin A and D levels determine benefit of oral Vitamin A&D supplements to humoral immune responses following pediatric influenza vaccination. Viruses, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100907"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0054-1","article-title":"Impact of biofortified maize consumption on serum carotenoid concentrations in Zambian children","volume":"72","author":"Palmer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1508","DOI":"10.1177\/1535370217728500","article-title":"Provitamin A-biofortified maize consumption increases serum xanthophylls and 13C-natural abundance of retinol in Zambian children","volume":"242","author":"Sheftel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT03383744. Using Stable Isotopes to Assess the Effectiveness of Vitamin A Supplementation in Cameroon, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT03383744."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.132571","article-title":"Provitamin A-biofortified maize increases serum \u03b2-carotene, but not retinol, in marginally nourished children: A cluster-randomized trial in rural Zambia","volume":"104","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT02627222. The Efficacy of Pro-Vitamin A Biofortified Cassava on Vitamin A Status in Nigerian Preschool Children, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02627222."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT02069522. Healthy Term Infants Fed Milk-Based Formulas, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02069522."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.182998","article-title":"Triple-fortified rice containing vitamin A reduced marginal vitamin A deficiency and increased vitamin A liver stores in school-aged Thai children","volume":"144","author":"Pinkaew","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.5996","article-title":"Plasma carotenoid concentrations of infants are increased by feeding a milk-based infant formula supplemented with carotenoids","volume":"93","author":"Mackey","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1469","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)62125-4","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation every 6 months with retinol in 1 million pre-school children in north India: DEVTA, a cluster-randomised trial","volume":"381","author":"Awasthi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1423268","article-title":"Vitamin A and vitamin D deficiencies exacerbate symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"8133","article-title":"Correlation of serum vitamin A, D, and E with recurrent respiratory infection in children","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.9572","article-title":"Low serum vitamin A is prevalent in underfive children with severe malaria and is associated with increased risk of death","volume":"12","author":"Lawal","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1111\/cea.12904","article-title":"Serum carotenoid and tocopherol concentrations and risk of asthma in childhood: A nested case-control study","volume":"47","author":"Hamalainen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Allergy J. Br. Soc. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3494","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001771","article-title":"Association between serum Vitamin D, retinol and zinc status, and acute respiratory infections in underweight and normal-weight children aged 6-24 months living in an urban slum in Bangladesh","volume":"144","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Epidemiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, X., Ding, F., Li, H., Zhao, W., Jing, H., Yan, Y., and Chen, Y. (2016). Low Serum Levels of Vitamins A, D, and E Are Associated with Recurrent Respiratory Tract Infections in Children Living in Northern China: A Case Control Study. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167689"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"5009","article-title":"Relationship between deficiencies in vitamin A and E and occurrence of infectious diseases among children","volume":"20","author":"Qi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5152\/ced.2014.1319","article-title":"The role of the micronutrients; Vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Iron, Zinc, Copper levels of children with lower respiratory tract infections","volume":"8","author":"Fidanci","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cocuk Enfeksiyon Derg."},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee and Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review Team (2022, January 10). The Duration, Frequency, and Volume of Exclusive Human Milk and\/or Infant Formula Consumption and Nutrient Status: A Systematic Review. 2020 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Project, Available online: https:\/\/nesr.usda.gov\/2020-dietary-guidelines-advisory-committee-systematic-reviews."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(2021, January 20). Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review Team and Complementary Feeding Technical Expert Collaborative. Timing of Introduction of Complementary Foods and Beverages and Micronutrient Status: A Systematic Review. Pregnancy and Birth to 24 Months Project, February 2019, Available online: https:\/\/nesr.usda.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2019-12\/TimingOfCFBandMicronutrientStatus-NESRSystematicReview.pdf."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedn.2019.04.030","article-title":"Exclusive Breastfeeding Duration and its Effect on the Health of the Children in Iran, a Meta Analysis","volume":"48","author":"Dalili","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qasem, W., Fenton, T., and Friel, J. (2015). Age of introduction of first complementary feeding for infants: A systematic review. BMC Pediatrics, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-015-0409-5"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kramer, M.S., and Kakuma, R. (2012). Optimal duration of exclusive breastfeeding. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., CD003517.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD003517.pub2"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"CD007480","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation for the prevention of morbidity and mortality in infants one to six months of age","volume":"9","author":"Imdad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2012.01282.x","article-title":"The effects of household food production strategies on the health and nutrition outcomes of women and young children: A systematic review","volume":"26","author":"Girard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Paediatr. Perinat Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/try126","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin A supplementation and immune responses to oral polio vaccine in Zimbabwean infants","volume":"113","author":"Church","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McDonald, S.L., Savy, M., Fulford, A.J., Kendall, L., Flanagan, K.L., and Prentice, A.M. (2014). A double blind randomized controlled trial in neonates to determine the effect of vitamin A supplementation on immune responses: The Gambia protocol. BMC Pediatrics, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-92"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114512001304","article-title":"The effect of at-birth vitamin A supplementation on differential leucocyte counts and in vitro cytokine production: An immunological study nested within a randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"109","author":"Jorgensen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12641","article-title":"Neonatal vitamin A supplementation associated with increased atopy in girls","volume":"70","author":"Aage","year":"2015","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1111\/all.12216","article-title":"Vitamin A supplementation and BCG vaccination at birth may affect atopy in childhood: Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial","volume":"68","author":"Kiraly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Allergy"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1010","article-title":"The effect of zinc and Vitamin A supplements in treating and reducing the incidence of upper respiratory tract infections in children","volume":"8","author":"Shaker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. J. Physiol. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.134478","article-title":"Effect of maternal antenatal and newborn supplementation with vitamin A on cognitive development of school-aged children in rural Bangladesh: A follow-up of a placebo-controlled, randomized trial","volume":"106","author":"Ali","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.6061\/clinics\/2013(03)OA11","article-title":"Zinc, vitamin A, and glutamine supplementation in Brazilian shantytown children at risk for diarrhea results in sex-specific improvements in verbal learning","volume":"68","author":"Lima","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clinics"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2551","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.239202","article-title":"Provitamin A Carotenoid-Biofortified Maize Consumption Increases Pupillary Responsiveness among Zambian Children in a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"146","author":"Palmer","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Biering-Sorensen, S., Fisker, A.B., Ravn, H., Camala, L., Monteiro, I., Aaby, P., and Benn, C.S. (2013). The effect of neonatal vitamin A supplementation on growth in the first year of life among low-birth-weight infants in Guinea-Bissau: Two by two factorial randomised controlled trial. BMC Pediatrics, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-87"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT03181178. Effect of a Complementary Food Supplement on Growth and Morbidity of Ghanaian Infants, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT03181178."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690-016-0121-4","article-title":"Vitamin A status and body pool size of infants before and after consuming fortified home-based complementary foods","volume":"74","author":"Newton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.100164","article-title":"Biofortified yellow cassava and vitamin A status of Kenyan children: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"103","author":"Talsma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2015.06.011","article-title":"Skin Carotenoid Response to a High-Carotenoid Juice in Children: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"115","author":"Aguilar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"94","article-title":"Use of deuterated retinol dilution technique to assess total body vitamin a stores in Mexican preschoolers consuming vitamin a fortified milk","volume":"63","author":"Valencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"729","article-title":"An integrated agriculture, health and nutrition program increased vitamin a intakes among mothers and their infants in western Kenya","volume":"29","author":"Girard","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"83","article-title":"Improving Blood Retinol Concentrations with Complementary Foods Fortified with Moringa oleifera Leaf Powder\u2014A Pilot Study","volume":"91","author":"Boateng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"LB417","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.28.1_supplement.lb417","article-title":"Peanut butter increases kale beta-carotene absorption and conversion to vitamin A in pre-school children","volume":"28","author":"Muzhingi","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-012-0360-2","article-title":"Sun-dried cowpeas and amaranth leaves recipe improves beta-carotene and retinol levels in serum and hemoglobin concentration among preschool children","volume":"52","author":"Nawiri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12304","DOI":"10.1111\/mcn.12403","article-title":"The impact of home fortification with multiple micronutrient powder on vitamin A status in young children: A multicenter pragmatic controlled trial in Brazil","volume":"13","author":"Silva","year":"2017","journal-title":"Matern. Child. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz225","article-title":"Use of model-based compartmental analysis and a super-child design to study whole-body retinol kinetics and Vitamin A total body stores in children from 3 lower-income countries","volume":"150","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT03000543. Novel Isotope Dilution Technique to Assess Vitamin A Status, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT03000543."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzaa119","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzaa119","article-title":"Prediction of Vitamin A Stores in Young Children Provides Insights into the Adequacy of Current Dietary Reference Intakes","volume":"4","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1644","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa048","article-title":"The \u201cSuper-Child\u201d Approach Is Applied To Estimate Retinol Kinetics and Vitamin A Total Body Stores in Mexican Preschoolers","volume":"150","author":"Ford","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.256974","article-title":"Use of a \u201cSuper-child\u201d Approach to Assess the Vitamin A Equivalence of Moringa oleifera Leaves, Develop a Compartmental Model for Vitamin A Kinetics, and Estimate Vitamin A Total Body Stores in Young Mexican Children","volume":"147","author":"Ford","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"604","article-title":"Development of a \u201cSuper-Kid\u201d Model Based on Plasma [13c10]-Retinol Kinetics in Well-Nourished Mexican Infants","volume":"29","author":"Green","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopez-Teros, V., Limon-Miro, A.T., Astiazaran-Garcia, H., Tanumihardjo, S.A., Tortoledo-Ortiz, O., and Valencia, M.E. (2017). \u2018Dose-to-Mother\u2019 Deuterium Oxide Dilution Technique: An Accurate Strategy to Measure Vitamin A Intake in Breastfed Infants. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020169"},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"32","article-title":"Dose to the Mother Method: Milk Intake and Vitamin A Transfer to the Lactating Infant of Mexican Mothers, Using Stable Isotopes","volume":"29","author":"Valencia","year":"2015","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.165506","article-title":"Vitamin A-fortified milk increases total body vitamin A stores in Mexican preschoolers","volume":"143","author":"Valencia","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112383","article-title":"High provitamin A carotenoid serum concentrations, elevated retinyl esters, and saturated retinol-binding protein in Zambian preschool children are consistent with the presence of high liver vitamin A stores","volume":"102","author":"Mondloch","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"1039","article-title":"Peanut butter increases the bioavailability and bioconversion of kale beta-carotene to vitamin A","volume":"26","author":"Muzhingi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT03801161. Influence of Inflammation on Micronutrient Status Assessment, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT03801161."},{"key":"ref_86","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT02363985. Using Stable Isotope Techniques to Monitor and Assess the Vitamin A Status of Children Susceptible to Infection, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02363985."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa429","article-title":"Biofortified and fortified maize consumption reduces prevalence of low milk retinol, but does not increase vitamin A stores of breastfeeding Zambian infants with adequate reserves: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Palmer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT01199445. Efficacy of Vitamin A in Fortified Extruded Rice in School Children, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01199445."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.113050","article-title":"Serum retinol concentrations demonstrate high specificity after correcting for inflammation but questionable sensitivity compared with liver stores calculated from isotope dilution in determining vitamin A deficiency in Thai and Zambian children","volume":"102","author":"Suri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy382","article-title":"South African preschool children habitually consuming sheep liver and exposed to vitamin A supplementation and fortification have hypervitaminotic A liver stores: A cohort study","volume":"110","author":"Dhansay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S24","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265110321S104","article-title":"Bioavailability of micronutrients: Stable isotope techniques to develop effective food-based strategies to combat micronutrient deficiencies","volume":"32","author":"Davidsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aklamati, E., Brown, K.H., Mulenga, M., Kafwembe, E., Peerson, J.M., Stephensen, C., and Haskell, M.J. (2006). Impact of High-Dose Vitamin a Supplements on Vitamin a Status of 3\u20134 Y Old Zambian Boys. FASEB J., 20.","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.20.5.A1050"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2004715","article-title":"Stable isotope dilution techniques for assessing vitamin A status and bioefficacy of provitamin A carotenoids in humans","volume":"8","author":"Furr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/77.3.681","article-title":"Population-based plasma kinetics of an oral dose of [2H4]retinyl acetate among preschool-aged, Peruvian children","volume":"77","author":"Haskell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1177\/15648265020233S120","article-title":"Application of isotope dilution technique in vitamin A nutrition","volume":"23","author":"Wasantwisut","year":"2002","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.6.1069","article-title":"Green and yellow vegetables can maintain body stores of vitamin A in Chinese children","volume":"70","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1439","article-title":"Serum levels of vitamin A and carotenoids as reflectors of nutritional status","volume":"73","author":"Olson","year":"1984","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19720094","article-title":"Absorption of labelled vitamin A in children during infection","volume":"27","author":"Sivakumar","year":"1972","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbeddou, S., Yakes Jimenez, E., Some, J.W., Ouedraogo, J.B., Brown, K.H., and Hess, S.Y. (2017). Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements containing different amounts of zinc along with diarrhea and malaria treatment increase iron and vitamin A status and reduce anemia prevalence, but do not affect zinc status in young Burkinabe children: A cluster-randomized trial. BMC Pediatrics, 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-016-0765-9"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa170","article-title":"Combined infant and young child feeding with small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplementation is associated with a reduction in anemia but no changes in anthropometric status of young children from Katanga Province of the Democratic Republic of Congo: A quasi-experimental effectiveness study","volume":"112","author":"Addo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz320","article-title":"Lipid-Based Nutrient Supplementation Reduces Child Anemia and Increases Micronutrient Status in Madagascar: A Multiarm Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"150","author":"Stewart","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). RBR-5ktv6b. Home Fortification of Complementary Feeding in Brazil: A Multicenter Pragmatic Trial. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/trialsearch\/Trial2.aspx?TrialID=RBR-5ktv6b."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.67","article-title":"Effects of a large-scale micronutrient powder and young child feeding education program on the micronutrient status of children 6-24 months of age in the Kyrgyz Republic","volume":"67","author":"Serdula","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.60.223","article-title":"No enhancing effect of vitamin A administration on iron absorption or body total iron content in preschool children from Chengdu, China","volume":"60","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"(2022, January 10). NCT02675140. Effect of Hookworm Elimination and Vitamin A Intervention on Iron Status of Preschool Children in Sichuan, China, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT02675140."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000401318","article-title":"Biological utilization of beta-carotene from amaranth and leaf protein in preschool children","volume":"31","author":"Devadas","year":"1978","journal-title":"World Rev. Nutr. Diet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/22.5.588","article-title":"Absorption of vitamin A by infants receiving fat-free or fat-containing dried skim milk formulas","volume":"22","author":"Figueira","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"926","article-title":"Effects of vitamin A, vitamin A plus iron and multiple micronutrient-fortified seasoning powder on iron metabolic homeostasis","volume":"49","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi Chin. J. Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S16","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1601001","article-title":"Effects of an energy and micronutrient supplement on growth and development in undernourished children in Indonesia: Methods","volume":"54","author":"Pollitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","first-page":"733","article-title":"Tolerance of young infants to a single, large dose of vitamin A: A randomized community trial in Nepal","volume":"70","author":"West","year":"1992","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/40.6.1281","article-title":"Assessment of marginal vitamin A deficiency in Brazilian children using the relative dose response procedure","volume":"40","author":"Flores","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/27.8.774","article-title":"Vitamin E supplements and the absorption of a massive dose of vitamin A","volume":"27","author":"Kusin","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_113","first-page":"233","article-title":"Retention of a single oral massive dose of vitamin A","volume":"45","author":"Pereira","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin. Sci. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.3.628","article-title":"Acute respiratory infections prevent improvement of vitamin A status in young infants supplemented with vitamin A","volume":"126","author":"Rahman","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"(2021, June 14). NCT01583972. Efficacy of Newborn Vitamin A Supplementation in Improving Immune Function, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01583972."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"(2021, June 14). NCT01476358. Effect of Vitamin A Supplementation on Immune Responses in Human Neonates, Available online: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/show\/NCT01476358."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2979","DOI":"10.1016\/S0264-410X(00)00097-9","article-title":"Adequate immune response to tetanus toxoid and failure of vitamin A and E supplementation to enhance antibody response in healthy children","volume":"18","author":"Kutukculer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/65.1.144","article-title":"Effect of early vitamin A supplementation on cell-mediated immunity in infants younger than 6 mo","volume":"65","author":"Rahman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Araki, S., Kato, S., Namba, F., and Ota, E. (2018). Vitamin A to prevent bronchopulmonary dysplasia in extremely low birth weight infants: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207730"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"346","article-title":"Vitamin A Supplementation for the Prevention of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia in Preterm Infants: An Update","volume":"32","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract. Off. Publ. Am. Soc. Parenter. Enter. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1152","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/78.6.1152","article-title":"Water-miscible, emulsified, and solid forms of retinol supplements are more toxic than oil-based preparations","volume":"78","author":"Myhre","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1007\/s11657-019-0617-y","article-title":"Restricting vitamin A intake increases bone formation in Zambian children with high liver stores of vitamin","volume":"14","author":"Tanumihardjo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Osteoporos."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz193","article-title":"High-Dose Neonatal Vitamin A Supplementation Transiently Decreases Thymic Function in Early Infancy","volume":"150","author":"Ahmad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2016-310542","article-title":"Evaluation of the uptake and impact of neonatal vitamin A supplementation delivered through the Lady Health Worker programme on neonatal and infant morbidity and mortality in rural Pakistan: An effectiveness trial","volume":"102","author":"Soofi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-015-0633-y","article-title":"Does early neonatal vitamin A supplementation reduce infant mortality?","volume":"52","author":"Mathew","year":"2015","journal-title":"Indian Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kiraly, N., Balde, A., Lisse, I.M., Eriksen, H.B., Aaby, P., and Benn, C.S. (2013). Vitamin A supplementation and risk of atopy: Long-term follow-up of a randomized trial of vitamin A supplementation at six and nine months of age. BMC Pediatrics, 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-13-190"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60891-6","article-title":"Efficacy of early neonatal supplementation with vitamin A to reduce mortality in infancy in Haryana, India (Neovita): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"385","author":"Mazumder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lund, N., Biering-Sorensen, S., Andersen, A., Monteiro, I., Camala, L., Jorgensen, M.J., Aaby, P., and Benn, C.S. (2014). Neonatal vitamin A supplementation associated with a cluster of deaths and poor early growth in a randomised trial among low-birth-weight boys of vitamin A versus oral polio vaccine at birth. BMC Pediatrics, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-214"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2013.04.072","article-title":"High-dose vitamin A supplementation administered with vaccinations after 6 months of age: Sex-differential adverse reactions and morbidity","volume":"31","author":"Fisker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.4137\/CMPed.S13073","article-title":"Effect of a Growing-up Milk Containing Synbiotics on Immune Function and Growth in Children: A Cluster Randomized, Multicenter, Double-blind, Placebo Controlled Study","volume":"7","author":"Xuan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Insights Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1177\/156482650102200309","article-title":"Vitamin A and Carotenoid Toxicity","volume":"22","author":"Blomhoff","year":"2001","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(91)90672-8","article-title":"Liver damage caused by therapeutic vitamin A administration: Estimate of dose-related toxicity in 41 cases","volume":"100","author":"Geubel","year":"1991","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/52.2.183","article-title":"Evaluation of vitamin A toxicity","volume":"52","author":"Hathcock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2223","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxaa176","article-title":"Vitamin A Absorption Efficiency Determined by Compartmental Analysis of Postprandial Plasma Retinyl Ester Kinetics in Theoretical Humans","volume":"150","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/407\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:03:06Z","timestamp":1760133786000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/407"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"references-count":134,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14030407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14030407","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-6643"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]}}}