{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T15:09:26Z","timestamp":1771513766421,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute","award":["S147\/2016, S156\/2017, 259\/2018, M41\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S147\/2016, S156\/2017, 259\/2018, M41\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) are at higher risk of celiac disease (CD). Recently, intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) has been shown to be a serological biomarker of impaired intestinal barrier in CD. Thus, the aim of this study was to verify whether I-FABP could be an early marker of CD in pediatric T1D patients. I-FABP was measured in sera of patients with T1D (n = 156), active CD (n = 38), T1D with active CD (T1D-CD, n= 51), and age-matched healthy children (n = 55). Additionally, I-FABP was determined in T1D patients with negative CD serology at least one year before CD diagnosis (T1D-CD-1, n = 22), in CD patients on a gluten-free diet (CD-GFD, n = 36), and T1D-CD patients on GFD (T1D-CD-GFD, n = 39). Sera were tested using immunoenzymatic assay. Significantly increased levels of I-FABP were found in the T1D, active CD, and T1D-CD groups (1153 \u00b1 665, 1104 \u00b1 916, and 1208 \u00b1 878, respectively) in comparison to healthy with controls (485 \u00b1 416, p &lt; 0.05). GFD induced a significant decrease in I-FABP levels in CD and T1D-CD groups (510 \u00b1 492 and 548 \u00b1 439, respectively). Interestingly, in T1D-CD-1 and T1D, I-FABP levels were comparable (833 \u00b1 369 vs. 1153 \u00b1 665), and significantly increased in relation to healthy controls and T1D-CD values on GFD. The results indicate that the epithelial barrier is disrupted in T1D patients independently of CD development; therefore, I-FABP cannot serve as an early marker of CD in T1D patients. Although GFD can improve epithelial recovery, the question remains as to whether GFD could exert beneficial effects on the intestinal barrier in early stages of T1D.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030414","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]],"date-time":"2022-01-18T22:46:32Z","timestamp":1642545992000},"page":"414","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Could I-FABP Be an Early Marker of Celiac Disease in Children with Type 1 Diabetes? Retrospective Study from the Tertiary Reference Centre"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6997-6197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Ochoci\u0144ska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Radioimmunology and Experimental Medicine, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8213-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Wysocka-Mincewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Artur","family":"Groszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8233-5490","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Rybak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Trust, Great Ormond Street, London WC1N 3JH, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Konopka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-5091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna Beata","family":"Bier\u0142a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilona","family":"Trojanowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mieczys\u0142aw","family":"Szalecki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Diabetology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Collegium Medicum, Jan Kochanowski University, Aleja IX Wiek\u00f3w Kielce 19A, 25-317 Kielce, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017cena","family":"Cukrowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathomorphology, The Children\u2019s Memorial Health Institute, Aleja Dzieci Polskich 20, 04-730 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e170","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-2883","article-title":"Screening for Celiac Disease in Type 1 Diabetes: A Systematic Review","volume":"136","author":"Donaghue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1294","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.6.1294","article-title":"Diabetes Study Group of the Italian Society of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology. 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