{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T05:02:15Z","timestamp":1791608535810,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007786","name":"National Center For Child Health and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#26-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#26-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007786","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Since many nutrients, including the three major ones of glucose, dipeptides, and cholesterol, are mainly absorbed in the small intestine, the assessment of their effects on intestinal tissue is important for the study of food absorption. However, cultured intestinal cell lines, such as Caco-2 cells, or animal models, which differ from normal human physiological conditions, are generally used for the evaluation of intestinal absorption and digestion. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an alternative in vitro method for more accurate analyses. In this study, we demonstrate inhibitory effects on nutrient absorption through nutrient transporters using three-dimensional xenogeneic-free human intestinal organoids (XF-HIOs), with characteristics of the human intestine, as we previously reported. We first show that the organoids absorbed glucose, dipeptide, and cholesterol in a transporter-dependent manner. Next, we examine the inhibitory effect of natural ingredients on the absorption of glucose and cholesterol. We reveal that glucose absorption was suppressed by epicatechin gallate or nobiletin, normally found in green tea catechin or citrus fruits, respectively. In comparison, cholesterol absorption was not inhibited by luteolin and quercetin, contained in some vegetables. Our findings highlight the usefulness of screening for the absorption of functional food substances using XF-HIOs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030438","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T21:01:51Z","timestamp":1642626111000},"page":"438","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Xenogeneic-Free Human Intestinal Organoids for Assessing Intestinal Nutrient Absorption"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Makoto","family":"Inoue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Business Development Center, Converting Business Development Unit, Dai Nippon Printing Co., 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa 277-0871, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuichi","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Business Development Center, Converting Business Development Unit, Dai Nippon Printing Co., 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa 277-0871, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sakiko","family":"Matsushita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Business Development Center, Converting Business Development Unit, Dai Nippon Printing Co., 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa 277-0871, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Shimozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical & Healthcare Division, Dai Nippon Printing Co., 1-1-1, Ichigaya-Kagacho, Shinjuku 162-8001, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hirohito","family":"Ayame","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Business Development Center, Converting Business Development Unit, Dai Nippon Printing Co., 250-1, Wakashiba, Kashiwa 277-0871, Chiba, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidenori","family":"Akutsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development (NCCHD), Department of Reproductive Medicine, Okura 2-10-1, Setagaya 157-8535, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.cellbio.042308.113344","article-title":"Vertebrate endoderm development and organ formation","volume":"25","author":"Zorn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. 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