{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:14:04Z","timestamp":1791818044917,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]],"date-time":"2022-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642809600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A plays a prominent role for maintaining optimal bone status, but its impact upon the bone in response to vitamin A deficiency is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how replenishing vitamin A by either whole food cod liver oil (COD) or the active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), altered bone thickness of vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats. Weanling rats were administered a control diet (CTRL) or VAD diet for 9 weeks. This was followed by four weeks of treatment in which the VAD group was divided into the following 4 subgroups: (1) VAD (9 weeks)-VAD (4 weeks); (2) VAD-CTRL; (3) VAD-COD; and (4) VAD-RA. Compared to controls, VAD rats had thicker bones which showed marked dysplasia. VAD-rats treated with COD produced a thinner bone that was not significantly different from that of untreated rats. In contrast, RA did not significantly change the thicker bone, and also had significantly greater periosteal and endosteal osteoblast numbers compared to VAD-COD. Active osteoclasts were not detected in VAD rats, nor during the treatment period. These findings suggest that the abnormal bone thickness in VAD rats appears to be more effectively restored to bone thickness of untreated control rats when treated with COD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,23]],"date-time":"2022-01-23T20:34:40Z","timestamp":1642970080000},"page":"486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cod Liver Oil, but Not Retinoic Acid, Treatment Restores Bone Thickness in a Vitamin A-Deficient Rat"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Richard C.","family":"Baybutt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph T.","family":"Standard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Dim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana","family":"Hamdan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingbo","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyle","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Health Science, Wheaton College, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zachary S.","family":"Bomstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin J.","family":"Estorge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Betty","family":"Herndon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hamid","family":"Zia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manesha","family":"Lankachandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Englewood Orthopedic Associates, 410 South Van Brunt Street, Englewood, NJ 07631, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agostino","family":"Molteni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Pharmacology, UMKC School of Medicine, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01658","article-title":"Osteoclast differentiation and activation","volume":"423","author":"Boyle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5484.1501","article-title":"The Osteoblast: A Sophisticated Fibroblast under Central Surveillance","volume":"289","author":"Ducy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2011.00372.x","article-title":"Vitamins and bone health: Beyond calcium and vitamin D","volume":"69","author":"Ahmadieh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nutr. 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