{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:42:12Z","timestamp":1791855732795,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":196,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21MH089280"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21MH089280"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R33AA019580"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R33AA019580"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AA024123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AA024123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R56AA024123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R56AA024123"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is common and represents a significant public health burden, yet very few interventions have been tested in FASD. Cognitive deficits are core features of FASD, ranging from broad intellectual impairment to selective problems in attention, executive functioning, memory, visual\u2013perceptual\/motor skills, social cognition, and academics. One potential intervention for the cognitive impairments associated with FASD is the essential nutrient choline, which is known to have numerous direct effects on brain and cognition in both typical and atypical development. We provide a summary of the literature supporting the use of choline as a neurodevelopmental intervention in those affected by prenatal alcohol. We first discuss how alcohol interferes with normal brain development. We then provide a comprehensive overview of the nutrient choline and discuss its role in typical brain development and its application in the optimization of brain development following early insult. Next, we review the preclinical literature that provides evidence of choline\u2019s potential as an intervention following alcohol exposure. Then, we review a handful of existing human studies of choline supplementation in FASD. Lastly, we conclude with a review of practical considerations in choline supplementation, including dose, formulation, and feasibility in children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]],"date-time":"2022-02-06T20:38:40Z","timestamp":1644179920000},"page":"688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Prenatal and Postnatal Choline Supplementation in Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0868-6145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abigail M.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0414-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blake A.","family":"Gimbel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Proof Alliance, St. Paul, MN 55104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"de Water","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Great Lakes Neurobehavioral Center, Edina, MN 55435, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith K.","family":"Eckerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua P.","family":"Radke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fagron Holdings, LLC, St. Paul, MN 55120, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael K.","family":"Georgieff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7132-8519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Wozniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154256","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4256","article-title":"Updated Clinical Guidelines for Diagnosing Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders","volume":"138","author":"Hoyme","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21896","article-title":"Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in 4 US Communities","volume":"319","author":"May","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2017.1919","article-title":"Global Prevalence of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Among Children and Youth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"171","author":"Lange","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.12033","article-title":"Approaching the Prevalence of the Full Spectrum of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in a South African Population-Based Study","volume":"37","author":"May","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alcohol. 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