{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T23:13:17Z","timestamp":1791587597266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Copper is an essential trace metal element that significantly affects human physiology and pathology by regulating various important biological processes, including mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, iron mobilization, connective tissue crosslinking, antioxidant defense, melanin synthesis, blood clotting, and neuron peptide maturation. Increasing lines of evidence obtained from studies of cell culture, animals, and human genetics have demonstrated that dysregulation of copper metabolism causes heart disease, which is the leading cause of mortality in the US. Defects of copper homeostasis caused by perturbed regulation of copper chaperones or copper transporters or by copper deficiency resulted in various types of heart disease, including cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, ischemic heart disease, and diabetes mellitus cardiomyopathy. This review aims to provide a timely summary of the effects of defective copper homeostasis on heart disease and discuss potential underlying molecular mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030700","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T20:36:42Z","timestamp":1644266202000},"page":"700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["An Emerging Role of Defective Copper Metabolism in Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-9046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yun","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the State & NMPA Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, China"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0869-4492","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/63.5.797","article-title":"Copper biochemistry and molecular biology","volume":"63","author":"Linder","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2006-02-003681","article-title":"The Steap proteins are metalloreductases","volume":"108","author":"Ohgami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba8740","article-title":"The histone H3-H4 tetramer is a copper reductase enzyme","volume":"369","author":"Attar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.22.012502.114457","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin metabolism and function","volume":"22","author":"Hellman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2010.04.003","article-title":"Cardiac copper deficiency activates a systemic signaling mechanism that communicates with the copper acquisition and storage organs","volume":"11","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.5520100406","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of dietary copper deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Saari","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2015.04.012","article-title":"Cooperation between COA6 and SCO2 in COX2 maturation during cytochrome c oxidase assembly links two mitochondrial cardiomyopathies","volume":"21","author":"Bareth","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1002\/humu.22715","article-title":"Mutations in COA6 cause Cytochrome c Oxidase Deficiency and Neonatal Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy","volume":"36","author":"Baertling","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mutat."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"H855","article-title":"Physiological and metabolic characterization of a cardiomyopathy induced by chronic copper deficiency","volume":"245","author":"Kopp","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/B:BOLI.0000016614.47380.2f","article-title":"Reversion of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in a patient with deficiency of the mitochondrial copper binding protein Sco2: Is there a potential effect of copper?","volume":"27","author":"Freisinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2011.08.146","article-title":"Is the Western diet adequate in copper?","volume":"25","author":"Klevay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001). Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc, National Academies Press."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1309\/V6GVYW2QTYD5C5PJ","article-title":"Zinc-Induced Copper Deficiency: A Report of Three Cases Initially Recognized on Bone Marrow Examination","volume":"123","author":"Willis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(88)90445-3","article-title":"Zinc-induced copper deficiency","volume":"94","author":"Harry","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000784","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2018-000784","article-title":"Copper deficiency may be a leading cause of ischaemic heart disease","volume":"5","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Heart"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(78)90503-3","article-title":"Differences in metal content of the heart muscle in death from ischemic heart disease","volume":"95","author":"Chipperfield","year":"1978","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"271","article-title":"Effect of cooper supplementation on blood pressure values in patients with stable moderate hypertension","volume":"53","author":"Guerrero","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"63","article-title":"Ischemic Heart Disease: Nutrition or Pharmacotherapy?","volume":"7","author":"Klevay","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Electrolytes Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-215-44141","article-title":"Newer findings on a unified perspective of copper restriction and cardiomyopathy","volume":"215","author":"Medeiros","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.60.700.125","article-title":"Urinary iron loss in the nephrotic syndrome\u2014An unusual cause of iron deficiency with a note on urinary copper losses","volume":"60","author":"Brown","year":"1984","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e3181354294","article-title":"Copper deficiency in celiac disease","volume":"43","author":"Halfdanarson","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C186","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00132.2018","article-title":"Copper transporters and copper chaperones: Roles in cardiovascular physiology and disease","volume":"315","author":"Fukai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"a43","article-title":"The fructose\u2013copper connection: Added sugars induce fatty liver and insulin resistance via copper deficiency","volume":"3","author":"DiNicolantonio","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Insul. Resist."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2008.07.002","article-title":"Evidence of decreasing mineral density in wheat grain over the last 160 years","volume":"22","author":"Fan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jes.7500462","article-title":"Assessment of human exposure to copper: A case study using the NHEXAS database","volume":"16","author":"Georgopoulos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Henderson, L., Gregory, J., and Swan, G. (2004). The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: Adults Aged 19 to 64 Years, HMSO Publications Centre."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Gregory, J., Foster, K., Tyler, H., and Wiseman, M. (1990). The Dietary and Nutritional Survey of British Adults, HMSO Publications Centre."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100207","article-title":"Cardiac Cytochrome-c Oxidase Deficiency Occurs During Late Postnatal Development in Progeny of Copper-Deficient Rats","volume":"231","author":"Johnson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.1.14","article-title":"Copper Deficiency Decreases Complex IV but Not Complex I, II, III, or V in the Mitochondrial Respiratory Chain in Rat Heart","volume":"137","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.03.005","article-title":"Hearts in adult offspring of copper-deficient dams exhibit decreased cytochrome c oxidase activity, increased mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide generation and enhanced formation of intracellular residual bodies","volume":"18","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021206220851","article-title":"Role of Copper in Mitochondrial Biogenesis Via Interaction with ATP Synthase and Cytochrome c Oxidase","volume":"34","author":"Medeiros","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bioenerg. Biomembr."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1902","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2013.05.019","article-title":"Copper chaperones. The concept of conformational control in the metabolism of copper","volume":"587","author":"Palumaa","year":"2013","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-030409-143539","article-title":"Copper Metallochaperones","volume":"79","author":"Robinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2012.07.021","article-title":"Cytochrome c Oxidase Dysfunction in Oxidative Stress","volume":"53","author":"Srinivasan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-197005000-00003","article-title":"Cardiac Hypertrophy in Rats with Iron and Copper Deficiency: Quantitative Contribution of Mitochondrial Enlargement","volume":"4","author":"Goodman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)73638-7","article-title":"The effect of deficiencies in copper and iron on the cytochrome oxidase of rat tissues","volume":"129","author":"Schttltze","year":"1939","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-200302000-00005","article-title":"Mutation screening in patients with isolated cytochrome c oxidase deficiency","volume":"53","author":"Sacconi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/15513","article-title":"Fatal Infantile Cardioencephalomyopathy With COX Deficiency and Mutations in SCO2, a COX Assembly Gene","volume":"23","author":"Papadopoulou","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.57.8.1440","article-title":"Homozygosity (E140K) in SCO2 Causes Delayed Infantile Onset of Cardiomyopathy and Neuropathy","volume":"57","author":"Jaksch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/9.5.795","article-title":"Mutations in SCO2 are associated with a distinct form of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and cytochrome c oxidase deficiency","volume":"9","author":"Jaksch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1218","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00564.2008","article-title":"Loss of Function of Sco1 and Its Interaction with Cytochrome C Oxidase","volume":"296","author":"Stiburek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4617","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddx344","article-title":"The Mitochondrial Metallochaperone SCO1 Maintains CTR1 at the Plasma Membrane to Preserve Copper Homeostasis in the Murine Heart","volume":"26","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1840","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M112.021105","article-title":"Intermembrane Space Proteome of Yeast Mitochondria","volume":"11","author":"Buekhart","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Proteom."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R12","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-2-r12","article-title":"Iterative orthology prediction uncovers new mitochondrial proteins and identifies C12orf62 as the human ortholog of COX14, a protein involved in the assembly of cytochrome c oxidase","volume":"13","author":"Szklarczyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu069","article-title":"Copper supplementation restores cytochrome c oxidase assembly defect in a mitochondrial disease model of COA6 deficiency","volume":"23","author":"Ghosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3402809","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/3402809","article-title":"Hydrogen Sulfide Alleviates Acute Myocardial Ischemia Injury by Modulating Autophagy and Inflammation Response under Oxidative Stress","volume":"2018","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell Longev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2014.03.007","article-title":"Metallothionein as a compensatory component prevents intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiomyopathy in mice","volume":"277","author":"Yin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.098186","article-title":"Extracellular superoxide dismutase deficiency exacerbates pressure overload-induced left ventricular hypertrophy and dysfunction","volume":"51","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2009.08.010","article-title":"Extracellular superoxide dismutase regulates cardiac function and fibrosis","volume":"47","author":"Kliment","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000105720.28086.6C","article-title":"Genetically Reduced Antioxidative Protection and Increased Ischemic Heart Disease Risk","volume":"109","author":"Juul","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.11.026","article-title":"Genetically low antioxidant protection and risk of cardiovascular disease and heart failure in diabetic subjects","volume":"2","author":"Kobylecki","year":"2015","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-014-0163-2","article-title":"Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase concentration, allelic variations in the SOD3 gene and risk of myocardial infarction and all-cause mortality in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Mohammedi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, M.J., Lee, K.Y., Ham, W.G., Tak, L.J., Agrahari, G., and Kim, T.Y. (2020). Pathologic properties of SOD3 variant R213G in the cardiovascular system through the altered neutrophils function. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227449"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8539","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87982-6","article-title":"Association among extracellular superoxide dismutase genotype, plasma concentration, and comorbidity in the very old and centenarians","volume":"11","author":"Sasaki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.111.237040","article-title":"Clinical and genetic association of serum ceruloplasmin with cardiovascular risk","volume":"32","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.113.000270","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin and Heart Failure in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"6","author":"Dadu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.08.009","article-title":"Ctr1 drives intestinal copper absorption and is essential for growth, iron metabolism, and neonatal cardiac function","volume":"4","author":"Nose","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1097\/MCD.0b013e32834ea52b","article-title":"Increased frequency of congenital heart defects in Menkes disease","volume":"21","author":"Hicks","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dysmorphol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106330","article-title":"Homozygous damaging SOD2 variant causes lethal neonatal dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"57","author":"Almomani","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2872","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600276","article-title":"Oxygen-induced maturation of SOD1: A key role for disulfide formation by the copper chaperone CCS","volume":"23","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2886","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.040461197","article-title":"Copper chaperone for superoxide dismutase is essential to activate mammalian Cu\/Zn superoxide dismutase","volume":"97","author":"Wong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.08.031","article-title":"Low nitric oxide: A key factor underlying copper deficiency teratogenicity","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2005.02.009","article-title":"Heterozygous deficiency of manganese superoxide dismutase results in severe lipid peroxidation and spontaneous apoptosis in murine myocardium in vivo","volume":"38","author":"Strassburger","year":"2005","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000235682.47673.ab","article-title":"Role of extracellular superoxide dismutase in hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Gongora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H133","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00851.2003","article-title":"Increased superoxide production causes coronary endothelial dysfunction and depressed oxygen consumption in the failing heart","volume":"288","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.19.2264","article-title":"Vascular extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in patients with coronary artery disease: Relation to endothelium-dependent vasodilation","volume":"101","author":"Landmesser","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0000000000000301","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Gene Polymorphism is Associated with Ischemic Stroke Risk in the China Dali Region Han Population","volume":"26","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurologist"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/14.6.770","article-title":"Element concentrations (selenium, copper, zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, phosphorous) in heart tissue of patients with coronary heart disease correlated with physiological parameters of the heart","volume":"14","author":"Oster","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7819-9-54","article-title":"A Review of Metallothionein Isoforms and their Role in Pathophysiology","volume":"9","author":"Thirumoorthy","year":"2011","journal-title":"World J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-483X(01)00375-4","article-title":"Protective effect of metallothionein against the toxicity of cadmium and other metals(1)","volume":"163","author":"Park","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"745","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3780078","article-title":"Metallothionein Inhibits Myocardial Apoptosis in Copper-Deficient Mice: Role of Atrial Natriuretic Peptide","volume":"80","author":"Kang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI119672","article-title":"Overexpression of metallothionein in the heart of transgenic mice suppresses doxorubicin cardiotoxicity","volume":"100","author":"Kang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1969.tb00758.x","article-title":"Effect of photooxidation on hum caeruloplasmin","volume":"11","author":"Bannister","year":"1969","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio813","article-title":"Ceruloplasmin is a nitric oxide oxidase and nitrite synthase that determines endocrine NO homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Shiva","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Bio."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate-nitrite-nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2005.11.035","article-title":"Does Oxidative Stress Change Ceruloplasmin From a Protective to a Vasculopathic Factor?","volume":"187","author":"Shukla","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1750","article-title":"Vascular Oxidant Stress and Inflammation in Hyperhomocysteinemia","volume":"9","author":"Papatheodorou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Lin, Y., Zhou, Y., Cheng, G., and Xu, G. (2013). Ceruloplasmin and the extent of heart failure in ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathy patients. Mediators Inflamm., 348145.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/348145"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2014.08.001","article-title":"Prognostic value of elevated serum ceruloplasmin levels in patients with heart failure","volume":"20","author":"Hammadah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(95)90095-0","article-title":"Elevated plasma ceruloplasmin in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: Evidence for increased oxidative stress as a variable complication","volume":"44","author":"Cunningham","year":"1995","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.1089\/dia.2012.0177","article-title":"Association between serum ceruloplasmin levels and arterial stiffness in Korean men with type 2 diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Technol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arner, E., Forrest, A.R., Ehrlund, A., Mejhert, N., Itoh, M., Kawaji, H., Lassmann, T., Laurencikiene, J., Ryd\u00e9n, M., and Arner, P. (2014). Ceruloplasmin is a novel adipokine which is overexpressed in adipose tissue of obese subjects and in obesity-associated cancer cells. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0080274"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2011.01.014","article-title":"Plasma ceruloplasmin as a biomarker for obesity: A proteomic approach","volume":"44","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.4172\/2155-9880.1000601","article-title":"Evaluation of Ceruloplasmin\u2014A Potential Biomarker in Chronic Heart Failure","volume":"9","author":"Andreasova","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Cardiolog."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199917020-00011","article-title":"Temporal regulation of extracellular matrix components in transition from compensatory hypertrophy to decompensatory heart failure","volume":"17","author":"Mujumdar","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0350849","article-title":"Biochemistry and functional significance of collagen cross-linking","volume":"35","author":"Robins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem Soc Trans."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2828(85)80113-9","article-title":"Alteration of the connective tissue network of striated muscle in copper deficient rats","volume":"17","author":"Borg","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-192-42973","article-title":"The effects of copper deficiency on the pyridinium crosslinks of mature collagen in the rat skeleton and cardiovascular system","volume":"192","author":"Farquharson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00335.2010","article-title":"Role of lysyl oxidase in myocardial fibrosis: From basic science to clinical aspects","volume":"299","author":"Hermida","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.63.3.577","article-title":"Coiled perimysial fibers of papillary muscle in rat heart: Morphology, distribution, and changes in configuration","volume":"63","author":"Robinson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/16.10.559","article-title":"Changes in the Collagen of Rat Heart in Copper-Deficiency-Induced Cardiac Hypertrophy","volume":"16","author":"Dawson","year":"1982","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.125278","article-title":"Impact of treatment on myocardial lysyl oxidase expression and collagen cross-linking in patients with heart failure","volume":"53","author":"Querejeta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-007-9595-2","article-title":"Upregulation of lysyl oxidase and MMPs during cardiac remodeling in human dilated cardiomyopathy","volume":"307","author":"Sivakumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00695.x","article-title":"Association between lysyl oxidase polymorphisms and oral submucous fibrosis in older male areca chewers","volume":"38","author":"Shieh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Oral Pathol. Med."},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"E4279","article-title":"Ctr2 regulates biogenesis of a cleaved form of mammalian Ctr1 metal transporter lacking the copper- and cisplatin-binding ecto-domain","volume":"110","author":"Nose","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4741","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11114741","article-title":"Copper Transporter 2 Content Is Lower in Liver and Heart of Copper-Deficient Rats","volume":"11","author":"Bertinato","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1460","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00806.2005","article-title":"Alteration of copper physiology in mice overexpressing the human Menkes protein ATP7A","volume":"290","author":"Ke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2014.04.033","article-title":"Wilson Disease Protein ATP7B Utilizes Lysosomal Exocytosis to Maintain Copper Homeostasis","volume":"29","author":"Polishchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cell."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"161","article-title":"On the mechanism of compensatory hyperfunction and insufficiency of the heart","volume":"3","author":"Meerson","year":"1961","journal-title":"Cor. Vasa"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-203-43599","article-title":"A unified perspective on copper deficiency and cardiomyopathy","volume":"203","author":"Medeiros","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","first-page":"282","article-title":"Alterations in hypertrophic gene expression by dietary copper restriction in mouse heart","volume":"223","author":"Kang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(91)90182-V","article-title":"Anemia Plays a Major Role in Myocardial Hypertrophy of Copper Deficiency","volume":"40","author":"Fields","year":"1991","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4800(74)90042-2","article-title":"Myocardial lesions in the offspring of female rats fed a copper dificient diet","volume":"2","author":"Kelly","year":"1974","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"963","article-title":"Comparison of some indices of copper deficiency in growing rats","volume":"31","author":"Klevay","year":"1985","journal-title":"Nutr. Rep. Int."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V35.4.496.496","article-title":"Enlargement of Mitochondrial Compartment in Iron and Copper Deficiency","volume":"35","author":"Dallman","year":"1970","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-212-44018","article-title":"Cardiac Hypertrophy in Copper-Deficient Rats Is Not Attenuated by Angiotensin II Receptor Antagonist L-158,809","volume":"212","author":"Lear","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20061943","article-title":"Dietary copper supplementation reverses hypertrophic cardiomyopathy induced by chronic pressure overload in mice","volume":"204","author":"Jiang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-232-2320385","article-title":"Copper inhibition of hydrogen peroxide-induced hypertrophy in embryonic rat cardiac H9c2 cells","volume":"232","author":"Zhou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05602","article-title":"P53-induced inhibition of Hif-1 causes cardiac dysfunction during pressure overload","volume":"446","author":"Sano","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000215207.54689.31","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Blockade Promotes the Transition from Compensatory Cardiac Hypertrophy to Failure in Response to Pressure Overload","volume":"47","author":"Izumiya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8090-6-54","article-title":"VEGF attenuates development from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure after aortic stenosis through mitochondrial mediated apoptosis and cardiomyocyte proliferation","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.8.644","article-title":"Selective downregulation of VEGF-A(165), VEGF-R(1), and decreased capillary density in patients with dilative but not ischemic cardiomyopathy","volume":"87","author":"Abraham","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2008.06.007","article-title":"Kang, Y.J. Regression of copper-deficient heart hypertrophy: Reduction in the size of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes","volume":"20","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-199816090-00007","article-title":"Anti-oxidant status and lipid peroxidation in patients with essential hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Russo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"2142","article-title":"Mechanical properties of the copper-deficient rat heart","volume":"112","author":"Prohaska","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"999","article-title":"Hypertension in rats due to copper deficiency","volume":"35","author":"Klevay","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr. Rep. Int."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/S0271-5317(87)80034-9","article-title":"Hypertension in the Wistar-Kyoto rat as a result of post-weaning copper restriction","volume":"7","author":"Medeiros","year":"1987","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.189571","article-title":"Role of copper transport protein antioxidant 1 in angiotensin II-induced hypertension: A key regulator of extracellular superoxide dismutase","volume":"60","author":"Ozumi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.116467","article-title":"Role of Menkes ATPase in Angiotensin II-Induced Hypertension: A Key Modulator for Extracellular SOD Function","volume":"52","author":"Qin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"745","article-title":"Congestive Heart Failure in Copper-Deficient Mice","volume":"80","author":"Elsherif","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2130","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.9.2130","article-title":"Marginal dietary copper restriction induces cardiomyopathy in rats","volume":"135","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.4.855","article-title":"Regression of dietary copper restriction-induced cardiomyopathy by copper repletion in mice","volume":"134","author":"Elsherif","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/415198a","article-title":"Cardiac excitation-contraction coupling","volume":"415","author":"Bers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020422900705","article-title":"Dietary copper restriction-induced changes in myocardial gene expression and the effect of copper repletion","volume":"229","author":"Elsherif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.146","article-title":"Dietary Interaction of High Fat and Marginal Copper Deficiency on Cardiac Contractile Function","volume":"15","author":"Relling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.038891","article-title":"Orai1 Channel Inhibition Preserves Left Ventricular Systolic Function and Normal Ca 2+ Handling After Pressure Overload","volume":"141","author":"Bartoli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e007382","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.119.007382","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-Specific STIM1 (Stromal Interaction Molecule 1) Depletion in the Adult Heart Promotes the Development of Arrhythmogenic Discordant Alternans","volume":"12","author":"Cacheux","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Arrhythm. Electrophysiol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvz164","article-title":"Chanzyme TRPM7 protects against cardiovascular inflammation and fibrosis","volume":"116","author":"Rios","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1139\/y00-054","article-title":"Copper deficiency and cardiovascular disease: Role of peroxidation, glycation, and nitration","volume":"78","author":"Saari","year":"2000","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.07.006","article-title":"Cardiac nitric oxide synthases are elevated in dietary copper deficiency","volume":"18","author":"Saari","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_131","first-page":"495","article-title":"Nitric oxide and cyclic GMP are elevated in the hearts of copper-deficient rats","volume":"26","author":"Saari","year":"1998","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Res."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H476","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.281.2.H476","article-title":"Isolated ventricular myocytes from copper-deficient rat hearts exhibit enhanced contractile function","volume":"281","author":"Wold","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H78","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01093.2004","article-title":"Increased contractility of cardiomyocytes from copper-deficient rats is associated with upregulation of cardiac IGF-I receptor","volume":"289","author":"Dong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","first-page":"1150","article-title":"Diets containing corn oil, coconut oil and cholesterol alter ventricular hypertrophy, dilatation and function in hearts of rats fed copper-deficient diets","volume":"123","author":"Jenkins","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/126.4.807","article-title":"Aspects of Cardiomyopathy Are Exacerbated by Elevated Dietary Fat in Copper-Restricted Rats","volume":"126","author":"Jalili","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.8.2433","article-title":"Heart failure: The frequent, forgotten, and often fatal complication of diabetes","volume":"26","author":"Bell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"E528","article-title":"Defective sarcoplasmic reticular calcium transport in diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"244","author":"Ganguly","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.18.5.708","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy. A unique entity or a complication of coronary artery disease?","volume":"18","author":"Bell","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02795618","article-title":"Cardiac copper, magnesium, and zinc in recent and old myocardial infarction","volume":"10","author":"Zama","year":"1986","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/122.6.1199","article-title":"Copper Deficiency Alters Plasma Pool Size, Percent Composition and Concentration of Lipoprotein Components in Rats","volume":"122","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.4.338","article-title":"Long-Chain Fatty Acid Composition of Maternal Liver Lipids during Pregnancy and Lactation in the Rat: Comparison of Triglyceride to Phospholipid","volume":"120","author":"Cunnane","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_142","unstructured":"Burkhead, J., and Lutsenko, S. (2013). The Role of Copper as a Modifier of Lipid Metabolism. Lipid Metabolism, InTech Open."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2915","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.12.2915","article-title":"Copper deficiency induces hepatic fatty acid synthase gene transcription in rats by increasing the nuclear content of mature sterol regulatory element binding protein 1","volume":"130","author":"Tang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/118.4.480","article-title":"Fatty acids of liver, cardiac and adipose tissues from copper-deficient rats","volume":"118","author":"Ovecka","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12263-009-0153-2","article-title":"Molecular bases of copper and iron deficiency-associated dyslipidemia: A microarray analysis of the rat intestinal transcriptome","volume":"5","author":"Tosco","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.9.2143","article-title":"Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A Is Increased but Expression of ATP Synthase Beta Subunit and Medium-Chain acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase Genes Are Decreased in Hearts of Copper-Deficient Rats","volume":"130","author":"Mao","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348866","DOI":"10.1080\/16546628.2017.1348866","article-title":"Effect of dietary copper addition on lipid metabolism in rabbits","volume":"61","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/116.7.1248","article-title":"Lipid and Fatty Acid Composition of Organs from Copper-Deficient Mice","volume":"116","author":"Cunnane","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711457500013X","article-title":"Effect of dietary copper deficiency. in the rat on fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and desaturase activity of liver microsomes","volume":"34","author":"Wahle","year":"1975","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"2352","article-title":"Dietary copper effects on lipid metabolism, performance, and ruminal fermentation in finishing steers","volume":"78","author":"Enhle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2527\/2000.7841053x","article-title":"Effects of dietary copper source and concentration on carcass characteristics and lipid and cholesterol metabolism in growing and finishing steers","volume":"78","author":"Engle","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(84)90096-9","article-title":"Increased cholesterol in plasma in a young man during experimental copper depletion","volume":"33","author":"Klevay","year":"1984","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.6.7.1563598","article-title":"Inhibition of elevated hepatic glutathione abolishes copper deficiency cholesterolemia","volume":"6","author":"Kim","year":"1992","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/124.5.628","article-title":"Pool size and concentration of plasma cholesterol are increased and tissue copper levels are reduced during early stages of copper deficiency in rats","volume":"124","author":"Rosenstein","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"413","article-title":"Effect of copper supplementation on lipid profile of Venezuelan hyperlipemic patients","volume":"54","author":"Guerrero","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Latinoam. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"1343","article-title":"Copper deficiency increases the susceptibility of lipoproteins and tissues to peroxidation in rats","volume":"123","author":"Rayssiguier","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/0955-2863(90)90080-5","article-title":"Biochemical changes in copper deficiency","volume":"1","author":"Prohaska","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/115.3.359","article-title":"Different effects of zinc and copper deficiency on composition of plasma high density lipoproteins in rats","volume":"115","author":"Lefevre","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2178","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/113.11.2178","article-title":"Alterations in plasma lipid, lipoprotein and apolipoprotein concentrations in copper-deficient rats","volume":"113","author":"Lei","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/111.10.1698","article-title":"Plasma lecithin: Cholesterol acyltransferase in copper-deficient rats","volume":"111","author":"Lau","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(97)90135-9","article-title":"Copper supplementation of adult men: Effects on blood copper enzyme activities and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk","volume":"46","author":"Jones","year":"1997","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2012.02.002","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Copper Supplementation Effects on Blood Copper Enzyme Activities and Parameters Related to Cardiovascular Health","volume":"61","author":"DiSilvestro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051470","article-title":"Effect of copper supplementation on indices of copper status and certain CVD risk markers in young healthy women","volume":"94","author":"Harper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782137","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/782137","article-title":"Dietary intake of carotenoids and their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in cardiovascular care","volume":"2013","author":"Ciccone","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2006.074930","article-title":"Relationships of circulating carotenoid concentrations with several markers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA)\/Young Adult Longitudinal Trends in Antioxidants (YALTA) study","volume":"53","author":"Hozawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(99)00241-5","article-title":"The effect of copper supplementation on red blood cell oxidizability and plasma antioxidants in middle-aged healthy volunteers","volume":"28","author":"Rock","year":"2000","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","unstructured":"Silva, J., and Williams, R. (2001). The Biological Chemistry of the Elements: The Inorganic Chemistry of Life, Clarendon. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2501","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.53.9.2501","article-title":"Regeneration of the heart in diabetes by selective copper chelation","volume":"53","author":"Cooper","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.54.5.1468","article-title":"Demonstration of a Hyperglycemia-Driven Pathogenic Abnormality of Copper Homeostasis in Diabetes and Its Reversibility by Selective Chelation: Quantitative Comparisons Between the Biology of Copper and Eight Other Nutritionally Essential Elements in Normal and Diabetic Individuals","volume":"54","author":"Cooper","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.74.877.665","article-title":"Copper, zinc, and magnesium levels in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"74","author":"Zargar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"129","article-title":"Urinary excretion of chromium, copper, and manganese in diabetes mellitus and associated disorders","volume":"18","author":"Hannan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4889","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)89188-3","article-title":"Identification of N Epsilon-Carboxymethyllysine as a Degradation Product of Fructoselysine in Glycated Protein","volume":"261","author":"Ahmed","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.106.028605","article-title":"Molecular Changes Evoked by Triethylenetetramine Treatment in the Extracellular Matrix of the Heart and Aorta in Diabetic Rats","volume":"70","author":"Gong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-12-123","article-title":"Protection of the heart by treatment with a divalent-copper-selective chelator reveals a novel mechanism underlying cardiomyopathy in diabetic rats","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1039\/c9mt00223e","article-title":"Restoration of myocellular copper-trafficking proteins and mitochondrial copper enzymes repairs cardiac function in rats with diabetes-evoked heart failure","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metallomics"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2840-13-100","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy is associated with defective myocellular copper regulation and both defects are rectified by divalent copper chelation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-009-1265-3","article-title":"A copper(II)-selective chelator ameliorates left-ventricular hypertrophy in type 2 diabetic patients: A randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"52","author":"Cooper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2828","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712800609715","article-title":"Selective Divalent Copper Chelation for the Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"19","author":"Cooper","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/700\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:15:45Z","timestamp":1760134545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/700"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"references-count":178,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14030700"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14030700","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]}}}