{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:05:30Z","timestamp":1767848730955,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to investigate the direct influence of a decrease in the cellular thiamin level, before the onset of anorexia (one of the symptoms of thiamin deficiency) on glycogen metabolism and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation levels in skeletal muscle at rest and in response to exercise. Male Wistar rats were classified as the control diet (CON) group or the thiamin-deficient diet (TD) group and consumed the assigned diets for 1 week. Skeletal muscles were taken from the rats at rest, those that underwent low-intensity swimming (LIS), or high-intensity intermittent swimming (HIS) conducted immediately before dissection. There were no significant differences in food intake, locomotive activity, or body weight between groups, but thiamin pyrophosphate in the skeletal muscles of the TD group was significantly lower than that of the CON group. Muscle glycogen and lactate levels in the blood and muscle were equivalent between groups at rest and in response to exercise. The mitochondrial content was equal between groups, and AMPK in the skeletal muscles of TD rats was normally activated by LIS and HIS. In conclusion, with a lowered cellular thiamin level, the exercise-associated glycogen metabolism and AMPK activation level in skeletal muscle were normally regulated.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030710","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T23:42:20Z","timestamp":1644363740000},"page":"710","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Thiamin Restriction on Exercise-Associated Glycogen Metabolism and AMPK Activation Level in Skeletal Muscle"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Akiko","family":"Sato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Applied Life Sciences, Niigata University of Pharmacy and Applied Life Sciences, 265-1 Higashijima, Akiha-ku, Niigata 956-8603, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Go","family":"Omori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Koshinaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Sports, Faculty of Health Science, Niigata University of Health and Welfare, 1398 Shimami-cho, Kita-ku, Niigata 950-3198, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ihara, H., and Hashizume, N. (2011). Nutrition and deficiency: Vitamin B1. The Vitamin Society of Japan eds. General Dictionary of Vitamin, Asakura Publishing Co., Ltd.. [1st ed.]. (In Japanese)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.59.87","article-title":"The body vitamin B1 levels of rats fed a diet containing the minimum requirement of vitamin B1 is reduced by exercise","volume":"59","author":"Shibata","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.21.3.195","article-title":"Dietary thiamin and riboflavin intake and blood thiamin and riboflavin concentrations in college swimmers undergoing intensive training","volume":"21","author":"Sato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02080935","article-title":"Effects of thiamine supplementation on exercise-induced fatigue","volume":"11","author":"Suzuki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Metab. Brain Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsn.7.1.39","article-title":"Allithiamine Ingestion Does Not Enhance Isokinetic Parameters of Muscle Performance","volume":"7","author":"Doyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"520","article-title":"The effect of a thiamin derivative on exercise performance","volume":"75","author":"Doyle","year":"1997","journal-title":"Graefe\u2019s Arch. Clin. Exp. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2009.10.007","article-title":"Thiamine tetrahydrofurfuryl disulfide improves energy metabolism and physical performance during physical-fatigue loading in rats","volume":"29","author":"Nozaki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.5717\/jenb.2013.17.4.189","article-title":"The effects of endurance training and thiamine supplementation on anti-fatigue during exercise","volume":"17","author":"Choi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1025942","article-title":"Effect of marginal vitamin intake on physiological performance in man","volume":"5","author":"Schrijver","year":"1984","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/48.6.1451","article-title":"Thiamin, riboflavin, and vitamins B-6 and C: Impact of combined restricted intake on functional performance in man","volume":"48","author":"Schrijver","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718459","article-title":"Thiamin, riboflavin and vitamin B6: Impact of restricted intake on physical performance in man","volume":"13","author":"Wedel","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"287","article-title":"Thiamine Deprivation Produces a Liver ATP Deficit and Metabolic and Genomic Effects in Mice: Findings Are Parallel to Those of Biotin Deficiency and Have Implications for Energy Disorders","volume":"9","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4405","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.251629","article-title":"Muscle glycogen stores and fatigue","volume":"591","author":"Westerblad","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.02.033","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency induces anorexia by inhibiting hypothalamic AMPK","volume":"267","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Janzen, N.R., Whitfield, J., and Hoffman, N.J. (2018). Interactive Roles for AMPK and Glycogen from Cellular Energy Sensing to Exercise Metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113344"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2008.09.021","article-title":"Effect of acute high-intensity intermittent swimming on post-exercise insulin responsiveness in epitrochlearis muscle of fed rats","volume":"58","author":"Koshinaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1460739","article-title":"Metabolic changes in rats during developing thiamin deficiency.(Short Communications)","volume":"146","author":"Liang","year":"1975","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(01)01206-1","article-title":"Characteristics of depressive behavior induced by feeding thiamine-deficient diet in mice","volume":"69","author":"Nakagawasai","year":"2001","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1111\/jpn.13146","article-title":"Thiamine deficiency affects glucose transport and \u03b2-oxidation in rats","volume":"103","author":"Gralak","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koshinaka, K., Honda, A., Masuda, H., and Sato, A. (2020). Effect of Quercetin Treatment on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Exercise-Induced AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Activation in Rat Skeletal Muscle. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030729"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1998.84.6.1852","article-title":"Effects of high-intensity intermittent swimming on glucose transport in rat epitrochlearis muscle","volume":"84","author":"Kawanaka","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1991.70.4.1593","article-title":"Stimulation of glucose transport in skeletal muscle by hypoxia","volume":"70","author":"Cartee","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.2.979","article-title":"Suitability of 2-deoxyglucose for in vitro measurement of glucose transport activity in skeletal muscle","volume":"76","author":"Hansen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2017.08.011","article-title":"Simultaneous measurement of whole blood vitamin B1 and vitamin B6 using LC-ESI-MS\/MS","volume":"1063","author":"Wardle","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(74)90248-6","article-title":"A comparison of three methods of glycogen measurement in tissues","volume":"60","author":"Passonneau","year":"1974","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passonneau, J.V., and Lowry, O.H. (1993). Enzymatic Analysis. A Practical Guide, The Humana Press Inc.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-60327-407-4"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/10379","article-title":"The gene mutated in thiamine-responsive anaemia with diabetes and deafness (TRMA) encodes a functional thiamine transporter","volume":"22","author":"Fleming","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31925","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.45.31925","article-title":"Cloning of the Human Thiamine Transporter, a Member of the Folate Transporter Family","volume":"274","author":"Dutta","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"E456","article-title":"PGC-1\u03b1 is required for AICAR-induced expression of GLUT4 and mitochondrial proteins in mouse skeletal muscle","volume":"299","author":"Leick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12017","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0705070104","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) action in skeletal muscle via direct phosphorylation of PGC-1\u03b1","volume":"104","author":"Handschin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4963","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113662","article-title":"PGC1\u03b1 and mitochondrial metabolism\u2014Emerging concepts and relevance in ageing and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"125","author":"Austin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2000.00285.x","article-title":"Characterisation of human monocarboxylate transporter 4 substantiates its role in lactic acid efflux from skeletal muscle","volume":"529","author":"Meredith","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-003-1067-2","article-title":"The SLC16 gene family?from monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to aromatic amino acid transporters and beyond","volume":"447","author":"Halestrap","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Arch.-Eur. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0510452103","article-title":"Calorie restriction induces mitochondrial biogenesis and bioenergetic efficiency","volume":"103","author":"Hunt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Civitarese, A.E., Carling, S., Heilbronn, L., Hulver, M.H., Ukropcova, B., Deutsch, W.A., Smith, S.R., and Ravussin, E. (2007). Calorie Restriction Increases Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis in Healthy Humans. PLoS Med., 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040076"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"641","DOI":"10.1254\/fpj.74.641","article-title":"Muricide induced by thiamine deficiency in the rats","volume":"74","author":"Onodera","year":"1978","journal-title":"Folia Pharmacol. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(79)90147-1","article-title":"Thiamin deficiency induced muricide behavior in rats","volume":"23","author":"Vorhees","year":"1979","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00011.2008","article-title":"AMPK in Health and Disease","volume":"89","author":"Steinberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.17420111","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase\u2014an energy sensor that regulates all aspects of cell function","volume":"25","author":"Hardie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"3407","article-title":"AMP-activated protein kinase and its downstream transcriptional pathways","volume":"67","author":"Auwerx","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.06.010","article-title":"Possible involvement of AMPK in acute exercise-induced expression of monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4 mRNA in fast-twitch skeletal muscle","volume":"62","author":"Takimoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-013-0290-7","article-title":"Effect of AMPK activation on monocarboxylate transporter (MCT)1 and MCT4 in denervated muscle","volume":"64","author":"Kitaoka","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/00003677-200204000-00009","article-title":"Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH) Activity in Human Skeletal Muscle During Exercise","volume":"30","author":"Spriet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Exerc. Sport Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"E18","article-title":"Effects of dichloroacetate infusion on human skeletal muscle metabolism at the onset of exercise","volume":"277","author":"Howlett","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.598S","article-title":"Effect of physical activity on thiamine, riboflavin, and vitamin B-6 requirements","volume":"72","author":"Manore","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.16.5.453","article-title":"B-Vitamins and Exercise: Does Exercise Alter Requirements?","volume":"16","author":"Woolf","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metab."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/710\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:16:09Z","timestamp":1760134569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/3\/710"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14030710"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14030710","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]}}}