{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T15:54:22Z","timestamp":1789055662277,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644364800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005762","name":"National Taiwan University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110-S5152"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110-S5152"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005762","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2223-E-182-001-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2223-E-182-001-MY3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD1L0251"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0251"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004606","name":"Chang Gung Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CMRPD1L0081"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMRPD1L0081"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004606","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Growing evidence suggests that patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) have an increased risk of obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS). The aim of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for MetS and hepatic steatosis in patients with different stages of DMD. A total of 48 patients with DMD were enrolled and classified into three stages according to ambulatory status. Body mass index (BMI), serum fasting glucose, insulin, and lipid profiles including triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein were measured, and the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index was evaluated. Ultrasound examinations of the liver were performed to assess hepatic steatosis using the Nakagami parameter index (NPI). The results showed that BMI, TG, HOMA-IR, and ultrasound NPI differed significantly among DMD stages (p &lt; 0.05). In contrast to the low rates of conventional MetS indices, including disturbed glucose metabolism (0%), dyslipidemia (14.28%), and insulin resistance (4.76%), a high proportion (40.48%) of the patients had significant hepatic steatosis. The ultrasound NPI increased with DMD progression, and two thirds of the non-ambulatory patients had moderate to severe hepatic steatosis. Steroid treatment was a risk factor for hepatic steatosis in ambulatory patients (p &lt; 0.05). We recommend that DMD patients should undergo ultrasound evaluations for hepatic steatosis for better metabolic and nutritional management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]],"date-time":"2022-02-09T21:22:15Z","timestamp":1644441735000},"page":"727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hepatic Steatosis Assessment as a New Strategy for the Metabolic and Nutritional Management of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ya-Chun","family":"Tang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Po-Hsiang","family":"Tsui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan 333423, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiao-Yin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333323, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8802-5728","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yin-Hsiu","family":"Chien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui-Ling","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dietetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"School of Nursing, College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei 112303, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1697-8823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung-Yi","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 824005, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung 824410, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6923-9138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Chin","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100225, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100233, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Taiwan University Children\u2019s Hospital, Taipei 100226, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3233\/JND-140045","article-title":"The epidemiology of neuromuscular disorders: A comprehensive overview of the literature","volume":"2","author":"Deenen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. 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