{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:45:41Z","timestamp":1789170341659,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009581","name":"Shaanxi Health and Family Planning Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sxwsjswzfcght2016\u2013013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sxwsjswzfcght2016\u2013013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009581","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81230016 and 81202218"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81230016 and 81202218"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017YFC0907200 and 2017YFC0907201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017YFC0907200 and 2017YFC0907201"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Birth weight and related outcomes have profound influences on life cycle health, but the effect of maternal hemoglobin concentration during pregnancy on birth weight is still unclear. This study aims to reveal the associations between maternal hemoglobin concentrations in different trimesters of pregnancy and neonatal birth weight, LBW, and SGA. This was a prospective study based on a cluster-randomized controlled trial conducted from July 2015 to December 2019 in rural areas of Northwest China. Information on maternal socio-demographic status, health-related factors, antenatal visits, and neonatal birth outcomes were collected. A total of 3748 women and their babies were included in the final analysis. A total of 65.1% and 46.3% of the participants had anemia or hemoglobin \u2265 130 g\/L during pregnancy. In the third trimester, maternal hemoglobin concentration was associated with birth weight in an inverted U-shaped curve and with the risks of LBW and SGA in extended U-shaped curves. The relatively higher birth weight and lower risks for LBW and SGA were observed when hemoglobin concentration was 100\u2013110 g\/L. When maternal hemoglobin was &lt;70 g\/L or &gt;130 g\/L, the neonatal birth weight was more than 100 g lower than that when the maternal hemoglobin was 100 g\/L. In conclusion, both low and high hemoglobin concentrations in the third trimester could be adverse to fetal weight growth and increase the risks of LBW and SGA, respectively. In addition to severe anemia, maternal hemoglobin &gt;130 g\/L in the third trimester should be paid great attention to in the practice of maternal and child health care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040858","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:22:19Z","timestamp":1645431739000},"page":"858","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Maternal Hemoglobin Concentrations and Birth Weight, Low Birth Weight (LBW), and Small for Gestational Age (SGA): Findings from a Prospective Study in Northwest China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danmeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5208-7633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baibing","family":"Mi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Qu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghai","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Safety Engineering Research Center of Shaanxi Province, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environment and Gene-Related Diseases, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2788-2464","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duolao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6980-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaonong","family":"Dang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi\u2019an Jiaotong University, Xi\u2019an 710061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11331","article-title":"Australian national birthweight percentiles by sex and gestational 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