{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T19:08:51Z","timestamp":1788462531339,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]],"date-time":"2022-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645315200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, and partially by the National Institute of Public Health\/Ministry of Health of Mexico","award":["(US EPA; grant numbers RD83480019, RD83543601), and (NIEHS; grant numbers P20 ES018171, P01 ES02284401)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["(US EPA; grant numbers RD83480019, RD83543601), and (NIEHS; grant numbers P20 ES018171, P01 ES02284401)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is limited evidence for the effects of diet on cardiometabolic profiles during the pubertal transition. We collected repeated measures of diet quality and cardiometabolic risk factors among Mexican youth. This analysis included 574 offspring of the Early Life Exposure in Mexico to Environmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) birth cohort followed up to three time points. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH), alternate Mediterranean Diet (aMedDiet), and Children\u2019s Dietary Inflammatory Index (C-DIITM) scores were computed from food frequency questionnaires. Higher DASH and aMedDiet scores reflect a higher diet quality, and lower C-DII scores reflect an anti-inflammatory diet. Cardiometabolic risk factors were lipid profile, glucose homeostasis, blood pressure, and waist circumference. Linear mixed models were used between quartiles of each diet score and outcomes. Compared to the first quartile, the fourth DASH quartile was inversely associated with log serum insulin (\u03bcIU\/mL) [\u03b2 = \u22120.19, p = 0.0034] and log-Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance [\u03b2 = \u22120.25, p = 0.0008]. Additionally, log serum triglycerides (mg\/dL) was linearly associated with aMedDiet score [\u03b2 = \u22120.03, p = 0.0022]. Boys in the highest aMedDiet quartile had higher serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (mg\/dL) [\u03b2 = 4.13, p = 0.0034] compared to the reference quartile. Higher diet quality was associated with a better cardiometabolic profile among Mexican youth.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040896","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T08:23:29Z","timestamp":1645431809000},"page":"896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Diet Quality Scores and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Mexican Children and Adolescents: A Longitudinal Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3104-1019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abeer Ali","family":"Aljahdali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0471-1427","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen E.","family":"Peterson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1397-8476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alejandra","family":"Cantoral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Iberoamericana University, Mexico City 01219, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0339-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edward","family":"Ruiz-Narvaez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3322-3334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha M.","family":"Tellez-Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyungjin Myra","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Computing, Analytics and Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-2672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James R.","family":"H\u00e9bert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael D.","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-9937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Libni A.","family":"Torres-Olascoaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Nutrition and Health Research, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nitin","family":"Shivappa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Connecting Health Innovations LLC, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Baylin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Cesare, M., Soric, M., Bovet, P., Miranda, J.J., Bhutta, Z., Stevens, G.A., Laxmaiah, A., Kengne, A.P., and Bentham, J. (2019). The epidemiological burden of obesity in childhood: A worldwide epidemic requiring urgent action. BMC Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1449-8"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1159\/000362568","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese adolescents: A comparison of two different diagnostic criteria","volume":"64","author":"Szklo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.104588","article-title":"Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using eight different definitions: A critical approach","volume":"92","author":"Reinehr","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.142","article-title":"Longitudinal preventive-screening cutoffs for metabolic syndrome in adolescents","volume":"32","author":"Flouris","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-018-1062-9","article-title":"The Impact of Childhood and Adolescent Obesity on Cardiovascular Risk in Adulthood: A Systematic Review","volume":"18","author":"Sommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Diab. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2006.02.031","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and risk of cardiovascular disease: A meta-analysis","volume":"119","author":"Galassi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.09.032","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and risk of incident cardiovascular events and death: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"49","author":"Gami","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1769","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.7.1769","article-title":"Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: A summary of the evidence","volume":"28","author":"Ford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv001","article-title":"Metabolic risk score and cancer risk: Pooled analysis of seven cohorts","volume":"44","author":"Stocks","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2016.05.005","article-title":"Dietary quality indices in relation to cardiometabolic risk among Finnish children aged 6\u20138 years\u2014The PANIC study","volume":"26","author":"Eloranta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyas, I., and Leon-Sanz, M. (2019). Nutritional Challenges in Metabolic Syndrome. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8091301"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1097\/00041433-200202000-00002","article-title":"Dietary pattern analysis: A new direction in nutritional epidemiology","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"128","article-title":"Indicators for the evaluation of diet quality","volume":"31","author":"Gil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-015-0863-8","article-title":"Adolescent dietary intakes predict cardiometabolic risk clustering","volume":"55","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00702","article-title":"Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Children","volume":"10","author":"Fornari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocpiqo.2019.05.001","article-title":"A Clinician\u2019s Guide to Healthy Eating for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention","volume":"3","author":"Pallazola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo. Clin. Proc. Innov. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Health, N.I.O. (2006). Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure with DASH, Smashbooks."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.01.002","article-title":"Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in children and adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"27","author":"Scalfi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franquesa, M., Pujol-Busquets, G., Garcia-Fernandez, E., Rico, L., Shamirian-Pulido, L., Aguilar-Martinez, A., Medina, F.X., Serra-Majem, L., and Bach-Faig, A. (2019). Mediterranean Diet and Cardiodiabesity: A Systematic Review through Evidence-Based Answers to Key Clinical Questions. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11030655"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.118.313348","article-title":"The Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Health","volume":"124","author":"Gea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1600707","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201600707","article-title":"Association between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the HELENA study","volume":"61","author":"Shivappa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-017-0013-x","article-title":"Dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory biomarkers in adolescents from LabMed physical activity study","volume":"72","author":"Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2365","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.109.114025","article-title":"A new dietary inflammatory index predicts interval changes in serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein","volume":"139","author":"Cavicchia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110569","article-title":"Validating the dietary inflammatory index using inflammatory biomarkers in a Japanese population: A cross-sectional study of the JPHC-FFQ validation study","volume":"69","author":"Kotemori","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"1471","article-title":"Validation of a Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII) and Association with Risk of Gastric Cancer: A Case-Control Study","volume":"19","author":"Vahid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1825","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002565","article-title":"A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the Seasonal Variation of Blood Cholesterol Study (SEASONS)","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451400395X","article-title":"Associations between dietary inflammatory index and inflammatory markers in the Asklepios Study","volume":"113","author":"Shivappa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.2119\/2007-00119.Tilg","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms in the regulation of insulin resistance","volume":"14","author":"Tilg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943706","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/943706","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes","volume":"2012","author":"Galassetti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.07.003","article-title":"Obesity, systemic inflammation, and increased risk for cardiovascular disease and diabetes among adolescents: A need for screening tools to target interventions","volume":"29","author":"DeBoer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2019-00002","article-title":"Inflammation in the Pathophysiology and Therapy of Cardiometabolic Disease","volume":"40","author":"Donath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqaa252","article-title":"Efficacy of different dietary patterns on lowering of blood pressure level: An umbrella review","volume":"112","author":"Sukhato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmz059","article-title":"Perspective: The Application of A Priori Diet Quality Scores to Cardiovascular Disease Risk-A Critical Evaluation of Current Scoring Systems","volume":"11","author":"Aljuraiban","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2013.04.005","article-title":"Influence of the Mediterranean diet on carotid intima-media thickness in hypercholesterolaemic children: A 12-month intervention study","volume":"24","author":"Giannini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.03.026","article-title":"Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet, Weight Status, and Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents: National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003\u20132012","volume":"117","author":"Cohen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Acad. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12268","article-title":"Dietary approach to stop hypertension diet and cardiovascular risk factors among 10- to 18-year-old individuals","volume":"13","author":"Farhadnejad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.03.077","article-title":"Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Reduced Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents","volume":"174","author":"Asghari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2020.08.005","article-title":"Greater cumulative exposure to a pro-inflammatory diet is associated with higher metabolic syndrome score and blood pressure in young Mexican adults","volume":"81","author":"Jansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12706","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12706","article-title":"Dietary inflammation and cardiometabolic health in adolescents","volume":"16","author":"Sethna","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.09.003","article-title":"Effects of the Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure, overweight and obesity in adolescents: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Poltronieri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jada.2008.10.054","article-title":"Differential influence of diet and physical activity on components of metabolic syndrome in a multiethnic sample of children","volume":"109","author":"Casazza","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Diet. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.08.038","article-title":"Predictors of urinary bisphenol A and phthalate metabolite concentrations in Mexican children","volume":"93","author":"Lewis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2891-13-116","article-title":"Effect of calcium supplementation on bone resorption in pregnancy and the early postpartum: A randomized controlled trial in Mexican women","volume":"13","author":"Ettinger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e030427","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-030427","article-title":"Early Life Exposure in Mexico to ENvironmental Toxicants (ELEMENT) Project","volume":"9","author":"Perng","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000002175","article-title":"Accelerometer-measured Physical Activity, Reproductive Hormones, and DNA Methylation","volume":"52","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.256669","article-title":"Dietary Patterns Exhibit Sex-Specific Associations with Adiposity and Metabolic Risk in a Cross-Sectional Study in Urban Mexican Adolescents","volume":"147","author":"Perng","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.25.7.1135","article-title":"HOMA-estimated insulin resistance is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in type 2 diabetic subjects: Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study","volume":"25","author":"Bonora","year":"2002","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"S523","article-title":"Methodology for the analysis of dietary data from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"Salud Publica Mex."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"INSP, and National Institute of Public Health (2002). The Compiled M\u00e9xico-INSP Food Composition Data Bank, National Institute of Public Health."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.168.7.713","article-title":"Adherence to a DASH-style diet and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke in women","volume":"168","author":"Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/82.1.163","article-title":"Diet-quality scores and plasma concentrations of markers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction","volume":"82","author":"Fung","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S108","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.141","article-title":"Adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern in children from eight European countries. The IDEFICS study","volume":"38","author":"Tognon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khan, S., Wirth, M.D., Ortaglia, A., Alvarado, C.R., Shivappa, N., Hurley, T.G., and Hebert, J.R. (2018). Design, Development and Construct Validation of the Children\u2019s Dietary Inflammatory Index. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080993"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, Y., Chen, J., Wirth, M.D., Shivappa, N., and Hebert, J.R. (2018). Lower Dietary Inflammatory Index Scores Are Associated with Lower Glycemic Index Scores among College Students. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10020182"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-016-1974-4","article-title":"Association of Bisphenol A Exposure with Breastfeeding and Perceived Insufficient Milk Supply in Mexican Women","volume":"20","author":"Kasper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-36342000000400006","article-title":"Validez y reproducibilidad de un cuestionario de actividad e inactividad f\u00edsica para escolares de la ciudad de M\u00e9xico","volume":"42","author":"Gortmaker","year":"2000","journal-title":"Salud P\u00fablica De M\u00e9xico"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S498","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200009001-00009","article-title":"Compendium of physical activities: An update of activity codes and MET intensities","volume":"32","author":"Ainsworth","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2017.03.050","article-title":"Validity of Self-Assessed Sexual Maturation Against Physician Assessments and Hormone Levels","volume":"186","author":"Chavarro","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.44.235.291","article-title":"Variations in pattern of pubertal changes in girls","volume":"44","author":"Marshall","year":"1969","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.45.239.13","article-title":"Variations in the pattern of pubertal changes in boys","volume":"45","author":"Marshall","year":"1970","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa260","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa260","article-title":"Mitochondrial Nutrient Utilization Underlying the Association Between Metabolites and Insulin Resistance in Adolescents","volume":"105","author":"LaBarre","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2009.399","article-title":"Sex differences in regional body fat distribution from pre- to postpuberty","volume":"18","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Obesity (Silver Spring)"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.12.021","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet on some risk for developing type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis on controlled clinical trials","volume":"29","author":"Shirani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2250","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513001724","article-title":"Effects of recommendations to follow the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet v. usual dietary advice on childhood metabolic syndrome: A randomised cross-over clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Saneei","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2016.154","article-title":"Effect of magnesium supplementation on glucose metabolism in people with or at risk of diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of double-blind randomized controlled trials","volume":"70","author":"Veronese","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy234","article-title":"Effect of folate supplementation on insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"109","author":"Lind","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422419000155","article-title":"Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH): Potential mechanisms of action against risk factors of the metabolic syndrome","volume":"33","author":"Akhlaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2015.03.010","article-title":"Adiposity and Insulin Resistance in Children from a Rural Community in Mexico","volume":"46","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S310","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-s273","article-title":"Metabolic complications of childhood obesity: Identifying and mitigating the risk","volume":"31","author":"Weiss","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2017-00253","article-title":"The Science of Obesity Management: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement","volume":"39","author":"Bray","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2020.02.004","article-title":"Association between DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) and hypertension in adolescents: A cross-sectional school-based study","volume":"36","author":"Bricarello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz785","article-title":"Clinical review on triglycerides","volume":"41","author":"Laufs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2016-0138","article-title":"Approach to Hypertriglyceridemia in the Pediatric Population","volume":"38","author":"Valaiyapathi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Williams, L.A., and Wilson, D.P. (2022, January 05). Nutritional Management of Pediatric Dyslipidemia, Endotext, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK395582\/."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"89","article-title":"The independent relationship between triglycerides and coronary heart disease","volume":"5","author":"Morrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Health Risk Manag."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1097\/00043798-199604000-00014","article-title":"Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level: A meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies","volume":"3","author":"Hokanson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Risk"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61177-6","article-title":"Triglycerides and cardiovascular disease","volume":"384","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.637793","article-title":"Triglycerides and the risk of coronary heart disease: 10,158 incident cases among 262,525 participants in 29 Western prospective studies","volume":"115","author":"Sarwar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vel\u00e1zquez-L\u00f3pez, L., Santiago-D\u00edaz, G., Nava-Hern\u00e1ndez, J., Mu\u00f1oz-Torres, A.V., Medina-Bravo, P., and Torres-Tamayo, M. (2014). Mediterranean-style diet reduces metabolic syndrome components in obese children and adolescents with obesity. BMC Pediatrics, 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-175"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grao-Cruces, E., Varela, L.M., Martin, M.E., Bermudez, B., and Montserrat-de la Paz, S. (2021). High-Density Lipoproteins and Mediterranean Diet: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030955"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barragan-Vazquez, S., Ariza, A.C., Ramirez Silva, I., Pedraza, L.S., Rivera Dommarco, J.A., Ortiz-Panozo, E., Zambrano, E., Reyes Castro, L.A., Shivappa, N., and Hebert, J.R. (2020). Pro-Inflammatory Diet Is Associated with Adiposity during Childhood and with Adipokines and Inflammatory Markers at 11 Years in Mexican Children. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12123658"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/72.2.490","article-title":"Evaluation of waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and the conicity index as screening tools for high trunk fat mass, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, in children aged 3-19 y","volume":"72","author":"Taylor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-5996-6-11","article-title":"How can waist circumference predict the body composition?","volume":"6","author":"Matsushita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.04.005","article-title":"Trajectories of fat mass index, fat free-mass index, and waist circumference in children: Project HeartBeat!","volume":"37","author":"Eissa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2253","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279-020-01335-3","article-title":"Developmental Trajectories of Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Aerobic Fitness in Youth: Implications for Physical Activity Guideline Recommendations (CHAMPS Study-DK)","volume":"50","author":"Hebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2021.02.001","article-title":"DASH diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) and overweight\/obesity in adolescents: The ERICA study","volume":"42","author":"Bricarello","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"7","article-title":"Dietary approaches to stop hypertension diet and obesity: A cross-sectional study of Iranian children and adolescents","volume":"13","author":"Mohammadifard","year":"2017","journal-title":"ARYA Atheroscler."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2019.104542","article-title":"Exploring dietary patterns in a Mexican adolescent population: A mixed methods approach","volume":"147","author":"Jansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01918-5","article-title":"Relationship between diet quality scores and the risk of frailty and mortality in adults across a wide age spectrum","volume":"19","author":"Jayanama","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fallaize, R., Livingstone, K.M., Celis-Morales, C., Macready, A.L., San-Cristobal, R., Navas-Carretero, S., Marsaux, C.F.M., O\u2019Donovan, C.B., Kolossa, S., and Moschonis, G. (2018). Association between Diet-Quality Scores, Adiposity, Total Cholesterol and Markers of Nutritional Status in European Adults: Findings from the Food4Me Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10010049"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1746","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.234237","article-title":"Among 4 Diet Quality Indexes, Only the Alternate Mediterranean Diet Score Is Associated with Better Colorectal Cancer Survival and Only in African American Women in the Multiethnic Cohort","volume":"146","author":"Jacobs","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.114.090688","article-title":"Associations of key diet-quality indexes with mortality in the Multiethnic Cohort: The Dietary Patterns Methods Project","volume":"101","author":"Harmon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017158","article-title":"Changes in Diet Quality Scores and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Among US Men and Women","volume":"132","author":"Bhupathiraju","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.117.248377","article-title":"An Empirical Dietary Inflammatory Pattern Score Enhances Prediction of Circulating Inflammatory Biomarkers in Adults","volume":"147","author":"Tabung","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0063-8","article-title":"Total volume versus bouts: Prospective relationship of physical activity and sedentary time with cardiometabolic risk in children","volume":"42","author":"Chinapaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1432","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2014-3750","article-title":"Sedentary time in late childhood and cardiometabolic risk in adolescence","volume":"135","author":"Stamatakis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02266-5","article-title":"How do short-term associations between diet quality and metabolic risk vary with age?","volume":"60","author":"Winpenny","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"605","article-title":"Homogeneity in nutritional exposure: An impediment in cancer epidemiology","volume":"79","author":"Wynder","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy071","article-title":"Perspective: The Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII)-Lessons Learned, Improvements Made, and Future Directions","volume":"10","author":"Hebert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1582-0","article-title":"Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"58","author":"Rosato","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7018.1457","article-title":"Diet and overall survival in elderly people","volume":"311","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"1995","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin. Res. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, T.Y., Wareham, N.J., Khaw, K.T., Imamura, F., and Forouhi, N.G. (2016). Prospective association of the Mediterranean diet with cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality and its population impact in a non-Mediterranean population: The EPIC-Norfolk study. BMC Med., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-016-0677-4"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115","article-title":"Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index","volume":"17","author":"Shivappa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Public Health Nutr."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S213","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041169","article-title":"Issues in dietary intake assessment of children and adolescents","volume":"92","author":"Livingstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"76","article-title":"Dietary assessment in children and adolescents: Issues and recommendations","volume":"31","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr. Hosp."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665113000013","article-title":"Evaluation of methodologies for assessing the overall diet: Dietary quality scores and dietary pattern analysis","volume":"72","author":"Ocke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3945\/an.115.011718","article-title":"Foods, Nutrients, and Dietary Patterns: Interconnections and Implications for Dietary Guidelines","volume":"7","author":"Tapsell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.12.020","article-title":"CoCu: A new short questionnaire to evaluate diet composition and culture of eating in children and adolescents","volume":"38","author":"Poulain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0386","article-title":"Dietary patterns during adolescence and risk of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged women","volume":"35","author":"Malik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_110","unstructured":"Moubarac, J. (2015). Ultra-Processed Food and Drink Products in Latin America: Trends, Impact on Obesity, Policy Implications, PAHO."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13126","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13126","article-title":"Ultra-processed foods and the nutrition transition: Global, regional and national trends, food systems transformations and political economy drivers","volume":"21","author":"Baker","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obes. Rev."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/4\/896\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:23:32Z","timestamp":1760135012000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/4\/896"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]},"references-count":111,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14040896"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14040896","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,20]]}}}