{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T23:16:17Z","timestamp":1773962177560,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007173","name":"Bio-oriented Technology Research Advancement Institution","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16932813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16932813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007173","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP18K05515"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP18K05515"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acetylcholine (ACh) acts as a neurotransmitter and neuromodulator. A small dose of eggplant powder rich in ACh (equivalent to 22 g fresh eggplant\/d) has been shown to reduce blood pressure (BP) in individuals with higher BP. Here, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the antihypertensive effects of low-dose orally administered ACh in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). The effects of ACh on BP and sympathetic nervous activity (SNA), including lumbar SNA (LSNA) and renal SNA (RSNA), were evaluated by subjecting conscious SHRs to a telemetry method. Single oral administration of ACh decreased LSNA and lowered BP. Repeated oral administration of ACh for 30 d decreased RSNA and suppressed the elevated BP. Noradrenaline levels in the urine also decreased. However, vagotomy and co-administration of M3 muscarinic ACh receptor antagonist reversed the BP-lowering effect; the dynamics of non-absorbable orally administered ACh was revealed using stable isotope-labeled ACh. In conclusion, ACh acts on the gastrointestinal M3 muscarinic ACh receptor to increase afferent vagal nerve activity, which decreases SNA by autonomic reflex, suppressing noradrenaline release and lowering BP. This study suggests the use of exogenous ACh as an antihypertensive food supplement for controlling the autonomic nervous system, without absorption into the blood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Antihypertensive Mechanism of Orally Administered Acetylcholine in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shohei","family":"Yamaguchi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuzumi","family":"Hayasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miho","family":"Suzuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6499-9779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenhao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Koyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellnas Co., Ltd., Toranomon Masters Building 6F, 1-12-14, Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yasuko","family":"Nagasaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Tokyo Women\u2019s Medical University Hospital, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kozo","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Science and Technology, Graduate School of Medicine, Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Agriculture, Academic Assembly, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiao, Y., Cao, Y., Zheng, Z., Ming, L., and Ximing, G. 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