{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,21]],"date-time":"2026-04-21T16:58:59Z","timestamp":1776790739990,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645401600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFA0906000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFA0906000"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017607","name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20190808152613121, JCYJ20200109105836705"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20190808152613121, JCYJ20200109105836705"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions","award":["2021SHIBS0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021SHIBS0003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81772737"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772737"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many studies have confirmed the important roles of nutritional status and micronutrients in the COVID-19 pandemic. Magnesium is a vital essential trace element that is involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, and many other immunological functions and has been shown to be associated with the outcome of COVID-19 infection. Here, we conducted a nationwide retrospective cohort study in the United States involving 1150 counties, 287,326,503 individuals, and 5,401,483 COVID-19 confirmed cases as of 30 September 2020 to reveal the infection risk of the populations distributed in low-magnesium areas in the early transmission of COVID-19. Our results indicate that the average county-level COVID-19 cumulative incidence in low-magnesium areas was significantly higher than in the control areas. Additionally, a significant negative nonlinear association was found between environmental magnesium concentration and the county-level COVID-19 cumulative incidence. Furthermore, the populations distributed in low environmental magnesium areas faced a higher COVID-19 infection risk (RR: 1.066; CI: 1.063\u20131.068), among which females (RR: 1.07; CI: 1.067\u20131.073), the 0\u201317 years subgroup (RR: 1.125; CI: 1.117\u20131.134), the 65+ years subgroup (RR: 1.093; CI: 1.087\u20131.098), black people (RR: 1.975; CI: 1.963\u20131.986), populations outside metro areas, and counties with a smaller population experienced higher risk of infection by COVID-19 than other subgroups. Considering that the magnesium intake of about half the population of the United States is below the daily required dose, our study will contribute to the creation of long-term public health strategies to help protect against COVID-19.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14040909","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]],"date-time":"2022-02-21T20:47:45Z","timestamp":1645476465000},"page":"909","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Populations in Low-Magnesium Areas Were Associated with Higher Risk of Infection in COVID-19\u2019s Early Transmission: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study in the United States"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"Tian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1247-8453","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liwei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yulan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Shenzhen Baoan Center Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinghong","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weiren","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Cancer Center, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Shenzhen Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People\u2019s Hospital, Shenzhen 518035, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3829-8802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"International Cancer Center, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez-Leyva, D., and Pierce, G.N. 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