{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T05:49:34Z","timestamp":1792820974189,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645488000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>While the vast majority of research involving creatine supplementation has focused on skeletal muscle, there is a small body of accumulating research that has focused on creatine and the brain. Preliminary studies indicate that creatine supplementation (and guanidinoacetic acid; GAA) has the ability to increase brain creatine content in humans. Furthermore, creatine has shown some promise for attenuating symptoms of concussion, mild traumatic brain injury and depression but its effect on neurodegenerative diseases appears to be lacking. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current body of research pertaining to creatine supplementation on total creatine and phophorylcreatine (PCr) content, explore GAA as an alternative or adjunct to creatine supplementation on brain creatine uptake, assess the impact of creatine on cognition with a focus on sleep deprivation, discuss the effects of creatine supplementation on a variety of neurological and mental health conditions, and outline recent advances on creatine supplementation as a neuroprotective supplement following traumatic brain injury or concussion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050921","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]],"date-time":"2022-02-22T22:34:30Z","timestamp":1645569270000},"page":"921","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":141,"title":["Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Brain Function and Health"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6896-5552","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Scott C.","family":"Forbes","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Brandon University, Brandon, MB R7A 6A9, Canada"},{"name":"Centre for Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean M.","family":"Cordingley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Pan Am Clinic Foundation, 75 Poseidon Bay, Winnipeg, MB R3M 3E4, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0801-6707","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen M.","family":"Cornish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Aging, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Applied Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"},{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Recreation Management, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruno","family":"Gualano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9513-6132","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamilton","family":"Roschel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Physiology & Nutrition Research Group, Rheumatology Division, School of Physical Education and Sport, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7270-2541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergej M.","family":"Ostojic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, 4604 Kristiansand, Norway"},{"name":"Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and PE, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric S.","family":"Rawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health, Nutrition, and Exercise Science, Messiah University, Mechanicsburg, PA 17055, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4638-5586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian D.","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Prokopidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L73 FAK, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1037-1983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Giannos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darren G.","family":"Candow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2012.03.005","article-title":"Creatine metabolism and psychiatric disorders: Does creatine supplementation have therapeutic value?","volume":"36","author":"Allen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. 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