{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:57:42Z","timestamp":1790629062238,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]],"date-time":"2022-02-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645574400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82173648"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82173648"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Innovative Talent Support Plan of the Medical and Health Technology Project in Zhejiang Province","award":["2021422878"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021422878"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Service and Application Research Foundation","award":["LGF20H250001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LGF20H250001"]}]},{"name":"Zhejiang Provincial Public Service and Application Research Foundation","award":["GC22H264267"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GC22H264267"]}]},{"name":"Ningbo Health Branding Subject Fund","award":["PPXK2018-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PPXK2018-01"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012151","name":"Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SZSM201803080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SZSM201803080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012151","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ningbo Clinical Research Center for Digestive System Tumors","award":["2019A21003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A21003"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) is one of the important public health issues worldwide. However, a detailed understanding of the incidence and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) due to VAD in recent years is lacking. We aimed to estimate the incidence and DALYs of VAD at global, regional, and national levels in terms of sex, age, and socio-demographic index (SDI). Using data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study, the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) was measured to assess trends in the age-standardized incidence and DALY rates from 1990 to 2019. The global age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of VAD decreased with an EAPC of \u22123.11% (95% confidence interval (CI): \u22123.24% to \u22122.94%) and \u22122.18% (95% CI: \u22122.38% to \u22121.93%), respectively. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates decreased least in low-SDI regions, which had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates of all SDI regions. Sub-Saharan Africa, especially central sub-Saharan Africa, had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates in 2019. At the national level, Somalia and Niger had the highest age-standardized incidence and DALY rates. The age-standardized incidence and DALY rates were higher in males than in females. Younger children, especially those aged &lt; 5 years in low-SDI regions, had a higher VAD burden than other age groups. Although the global burden of VAD has decreased, future work should aim to improve the prevention and treatment strategies for VAD, particularly in children aged &lt; 5 years in countries and territories with low SDI values, such as sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050950","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:53:26Z","timestamp":1645664006000},"page":"950","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":89,"title":["Global Burden of Vitamin A Deficiency in 204 Countries and Territories from 1990\u20132019"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenping","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Chronic and Non-Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hu","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Pu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Digestive System Tumors of Zhejiang Province, Hwa Mei Hospital, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"},{"name":"Department of Global Health, Ningbo Institute of Life and Health Industry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"nzz075","DOI":"10.1093\/cdn\/nzz075","article-title":"Public Health Aspects in the Prevention and Control of Vitamin Deficiencies","volume":"3","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. 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