{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:35:15Z","timestamp":1790552115726,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) refer to gastrointestinal tract issues that lack clear structural or biochemical causes. Their pathophysiology is still unclear, but gut microbiota alterations are thought to play an important role. This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the faecal microbiota of infants and young children with FGIDs compared to healthy controls. A systematic search and screening of the literature resulted in the inclusion of thirteen full texts. Most papers reported on infantile colic, only one studied functional constipation. Despite methodological limitations, data show alterations in microbial diversity, stability, and colonisation patterns in colicky infants compared to healthy controls. Several studies (eight) reported increases in species of (pathogenic) Proteobacteria, and some studies (six) reported a decrease in (beneficial) bacteria such as Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria. In addition, accumulation of related metabolites, as well as low-grade inflammation, might play a role in the pathophysiology of infantile colic. Infants and toddlers with functional constipation had significantly lower levels of Lactobacilli in their stools compared to controls. Microbial dysbiosis and related changes in metabolites may be inherent to FGIDs. There is a need for more standardised methods within research of faecal microbiota in FGIDs to obtain a more comprehensive picture and understanding of infant and childhood FGIDs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Faecal Microbiota in Infants and Young Children with Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Denise","family":"Hofman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urszula","family":"Kudla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 1, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9089-9424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Miqdady","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ped. GI, Hepatology & Nutrition Division, Sheikh Khalifa Medical City, P.O. Box 51900, Abu Dhabi 51133, United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thi Viet Ha","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi 116001, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0421-1166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Mor\u00e1n-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unidad de Genomica de Poblaciones, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genomica, Mexico City 14610, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1862-8651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvan","family":"Vandenplas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Gastro-Enterology and Nutrition, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, UZ Brussel, KidZ Health Castle, 1050 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5223\/pghn.2017.20.1.1","article-title":"The New Rome IV Criteria for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Infants and Toddlers","volume":"20","author":"Zeevenhooven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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