{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T15:53:51Z","timestamp":1790610831102,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]],"date-time":"2022-02-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645833600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PI13\/0422, PI17\/01283, PI18\/00154, ICI20\/00058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PI13\/0422, PI17\/01283, PI18\/00154, ICI20\/00058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R16\/00021; BA21\/00022; R16\/00021; BA21\/00017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R16\/00021; BA21\/00022; R16\/00021; BA21\/00017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n en Sida","award":["RD06\/0006\/0034; RD06\/0006\/0035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD06\/0006\/0034; RD06\/0006\/0035"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013543","name":"European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014 Research Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014 Research Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Spanish Society of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC)","award":["Ayudas a la Movilidad 2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ayudas a la Movilidad 2021"]}]},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red","award":["CIBERInfec"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIBERInfec"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aims: Children with HIV exhibit chronic inflammation and immune dysfunction despite antiretroviral therapy (ART). Strategies targeting persistent inflammation are needed to improve health in people living with HIV. The gut microbiota likely interacts with the immune system, but the clinical implications of modulating the dysbiosis by nutritional supplementation are unclear. Methods: Pilot, double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial in which 24 HIV-infected on ART were randomized to supplementation with a daily mixture of symbiotics, omega-3\/6 fatty acids and amino acids, or placebo four weeks, in combination with ART. We analyzed inflammatory markers and T-cell activation changes and their correlations with shifts in fecal microbiota. Results: Twenty-four HIV-infected children were recruited and randomized to receive a symbiotic nutritional supplement or placebo. Mean age was 12 \u00b1 3.9 years, 62.5% were female. All were on ART and had HIV RNA &lt; 50\/mL. We did not detect changes in inflammatory (IL-6, IL-7, IP-10), microbial translocation (sCD14), mucosal integrity markers (IFABP, zonulin) or the kynurenine to tryptophan ratio, or changes in markers of the adaptive immune response in relation to the intervention. However, we found correlations between several key bacteria and the assessed inflammatory and immunological parameters, supporting a role of the microbiota in immune modulation in children with HIV. Conclusions: In this exploratory study, a four-week nutritional supplementation had no significant effects in terms of decreasing inflammation, microbial translocation, or T-cell activation in HIV-infected children. However, the correlations found support the interaction between gut microbiota and the immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050992","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"992","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Targeting the Gut Microbiota of Vertically HIV-Infected Children to Decrease Inflammation and Immunoactivation: A Pilot Clinical Trial"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5301-0945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tal\u00eda","family":"Sainz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n CoRISpe Integrada en la Red en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Diaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Citometr\u00eda (Laura Diaz), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Cultivos Celulares (Mar\u00eda Isabel Clemente), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda (Maria Angeles Mu\u00f1oz-Fernandez), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Rojo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEUUniversities, Boadilla Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Isabel","family":"Clemente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plataforma de Citometr\u00eda (Laura Diaz), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Cultivos Celulares (Mar\u00eda Isabel Clemente), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda (Maria Angeles Mu\u00f1oz-Fernandez), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEUUniversities, Boadilla Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Gen\u00f3mica y Salud, Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4722-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Coral","family":"Barbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEUUniversities, Boadilla Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Gosalbes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Gen\u00f3mica y Salud, Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBEREsp), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Jimenez-Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Gen\u00f3mica y Salud, Fundaci\u00f3n para el Fomento de la Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria y Biom\u00e9dica (FISABIO), 46020 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER en Epidemiolog\u00eda y Salud P\u00fablica (CIBEREsp), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Escosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital Universitario La Paz and IdiPAZ, 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n CoRISpe Integrada en la Red en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Guillen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n CoRISpe Integrada en la Red en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital de Getafe, 28901 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Tom\u00e1s","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n CoRISpe Integrada en la Red en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea de Enfermedades Infecciosas del Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red del Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERINFEC), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Servicio de Pediatr\u00eda, Hospital Clinico San Carlos e Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria del Hospital Cl\u00ednico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Salud P\u00fablica y Materno-Infantil, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0813-4500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda \u00c1ngeles","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Red de Investigaci\u00f3n CoRISpe Integrada en la Red en Infectolog\u00eda Pedi\u00e1trica (RITIP), 28046 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Plataforma de Citometr\u00eda (Laura Diaz), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Unidad de Cultivos Celulares (Mar\u00eda Isabel Clemente), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Inmunobiolog\u00eda (Maria Angeles Mu\u00f1oz-Fernandez), Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria Gregorio Mara\u00f1\u00f3n (IsSGM), Hospital Universitario Gregorio Mara\u00f1on, 28009 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad San Pablo-CEUUniversities, Boadilla Monte, 28668 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"\u00c1rea Gen\u00f3mica y Salud, Fundaci\u00f3n para el 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Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25804","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25804","article-title":"Innate and adaptive abnormalities in youth with vertically acquired HIV through a multicentre cohort in Spain integrated in the Translational Research Network in Pediatric Infectious Diseases (RITIP)","volume":"24","author":"Carrasco","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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