{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T17:55:37Z","timestamp":1790963737926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D (VitD) shows a beneficial role in placentation, the immune system, and angiogenesis, and thus, VitD status may link to the risk of preeclampsia. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the association between VitD status in early and middle pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. A total of 22 studies with 25,530 participants were included for analysis. Women with VitD insufficiency or deficiency had a higher preeclampsia rate compared to women with replete VitD levels (OR 1.58, 95% CI 1.39\u20131.79). Women with VitD deficiency had a higher preeclampsia rate compared to women with replete or insufficient VitD levels (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.10\u20131.66). Women with insufficient VitD levels had a higher preeclampsia rate compared to women with replete VitD levels (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.24\u20131.66). Women with deficient VitD levels had a higher preeclampsia rate compared to women with replete VitD levels (OR 1.50, 95% CI 1.05\u20132.14). Sensitivity analysis showed the results were stable after excluding any one of the included studies. In conclusion, our systematic review suggested that VitD insufficiency or deficiency was associated with an increased risk of preeclampsia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14050999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]],"date-time":"2022-02-27T20:48:33Z","timestamp":1645994913000},"page":"999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vitamin D Levels in Early and Middle Pregnancy and Preeclampsia, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2788-4614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai-Lun","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Women\u2019s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panpan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Ministry of Education), Department of Reproductive Endocrinology, Women\u2019s Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Women\u2019s Reproductive Health of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)00070-7","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia","volume":"387","author":"Mol","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2020.03.043","article-title":"Prevalence of preeclampsia and eclampsia in adolescent pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 291,247 adolescents worldwide since 1969","volume":"248","author":"Macedo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.06.042","article-title":"Cardiovascular sequelae of preeclampsia\/eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"156","author":"McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2009.12.036","article-title":"Kidney disease after preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2019.03.033","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis indicates long-term risk of chronic and end-stage kidney disease after preeclampsia","volume":"96","author":"Covella","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67922-1","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy and childhood bone mass at age 9 years: A longitudinal study","volume":"367","author":"Javaid","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.80","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy: The Mediterranean reality","volume":"68","author":"Karras","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.05.011","article-title":"Vitamin D for health: A global perspective","volume":"88","author":"Holick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mayo. Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105669","article-title":"Vitamin D in pregnancy: Where we are and where we should go","volume":"201","author":"Kiely","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"541","article-title":"Is midtrimester vitamin D status associated with spontaneous preterm birth and preeclampsia?","volume":"31","author":"Wetta","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2014.12.021","article-title":"Vitamin D promotes human extravillous trophoblast invasion in vitro","volume":"36","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poniedzia\u0142ek-Czajkowska, E., and Mierzy\u0144ski, R. (2021). Could Vitamin D Be Effective in Prevention of Preeclampsia?. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113854"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9142","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802750RR","article-title":"Vitamin D improves endothelial barrier integrity and counteracts inflammatory effects on endothelial progenitor cells","volume":"33","author":"Brodowski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Faseb. J."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brodowski, L., Burlakov, J., Myerski, A.C., von Kaisenberg, C.S., Grundmann, M., Hubel, C.A., and von Versen-H\u00f6ynck, F. (2014). Vitamin D prevents endothelial progenitor cell dysfunction induced by sera from women with preeclampsia or conditioned media from hypoxic placenta. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0098527"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2009.135","article-title":"Vitamin D status and arterial hypertension: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Pilz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2016.12.016","article-title":"Vitamin D and cardiovascular diseases: Causality","volume":"175","author":"Wimalawansa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"8249264","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D Supplement on Prevention of Recurrence of Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women with a History of Preeclampsia","volume":"2017","author":"Zandvakili","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsgi.2004.02.002","article-title":"Vitamin D and placental-decidual function","volume":"11","author":"Evans","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Soc. Gynecol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(00)00299-X","article-title":"Role of hormone-controlled Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in successful pregnancy","volume":"109","author":"Piccinni","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroimmunol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.11.009","article-title":"Vitamin D status in early pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia","volume":"212","author":"Achkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2016.09.015","article-title":"Low maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration increases the risk of severe and mild preeclampsia","volume":"26","author":"Baca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preghy.2018.03.006","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and pre-eclampsia in Colombia: PREVitD study","volume":"14","author":"Serrano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pregnancy Hypertens"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4702","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI89031","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk of preeclampsia","volume":"126","author":"Mirzakhani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.158238","article-title":"First trimester vitamin D, vitamin D binding protein, and subsequent preeclampsia","volume":"56","author":"Powe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.99","article-title":"Associations between 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and pregnancy outcomes: A prospective observational study in southern China","volume":"68","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102707","article-title":"Vitamin D, preeclampsia and prematurity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjog.2018.02.013","article-title":"Association of vitamin D level and vitamin D deficiency with risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and updated meta-analysis","volume":"57","author":"Akbari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Taiwan J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"43","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"38","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomedica"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2013.765849","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal. Neonatal. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2021.02.003","article-title":"Updating guidance for reporting systematic reviews: Development of the PRISMA 2020 statement","volume":"134","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Wells, G., Shea, B., O\u2019Connell, D., Peterson, J., Welch, V., Losos, M., and Tugwell, P. (2000, January 3\u20135). The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for Assessing the Quality of Nonrandomised Studies in Meta-Analyses. Proceedings of the 3rd Symposium on Systematic Reviews: Beyond the Basics. Improving Quality and Impact, Oxford, UK. Available online: http:\/\/www.ohri.ca\/programs\/clinical_epidemiology\/oxford.asp."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5105","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-0996","article-title":"A nested case-control study of midgestation vitamin D deficiency and risk of severe preeclampsia","volume":"95","author":"Baker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.065672","article-title":"Effects of maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in the first trimester on subsequent pregnancy outcomes in an Australian population","volume":"99","author":"Schneuer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2007-0718","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency increases the risk of preeclampsia","volume":"92","author":"Bodnar","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.02.015","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk for preeclampsia: A nested case-control study","volume":"39","author":"Benachi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.07.029","article-title":"First-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D\u2083 status and pregnancy outcome","volume":"116","author":"Chedraui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"w20238","DOI":"10.4414\/smw.2020.20238","article-title":"High prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency during the first trimester in pregnant women in Switzerland and its potential contributions to adverse outcomes in the pregnancy","volume":"150","author":"Christoph","year":"2020","journal-title":"Swiss. Med. Wkly."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Shaikh, G.K., Ibrahim, G.H., Fayed, A.A., and Al-Mandeel, H. (2016). Impact of vitamin D deficiency on maternal and birth outcomes in the Saudi population: A cross-sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-016-0901-4"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy150","article-title":"Exploring the concept of functional vitamin D deficiency in pregnancy: Impact of the interaction between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and parathyroid hormone on perinatal outcomes","volume":"108","author":"Hemmingway","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2012.03307.x","article-title":"Longitudinal vitamin D status in pregnancy and the risk of pre-eclampsia","volume":"119","author":"Wei","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood-Nichols, S.K., Tinnemore, D., Huang, R.R., Napolitano, P.G., and Ippolito, D.L. (2015). Vitamin D deficiency in early pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123763"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2010.02742.x","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status in pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes in a group at high risk for pre-eclampsia","volume":"117","author":"Shand","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2015.12.007","article-title":"Is first trimester vitamin D status in nulliparous women associated with pregnancy related hypertensive disorders?","volume":"34","author":"Hrudey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"k2167","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2167","article-title":"Vitamin D and risk of pregnancy related hypertensive disorders: Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"361","author":"Magnus","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.112.055871","article-title":"Vitamin D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and preeclampsia","volume":"98","author":"Scholl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"1033","article-title":"Role of vitamin D and sFlt-1\/PlGF ratio in the development of early- and late-onset preeclampsia","volume":"53","author":"Prieto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Chem. Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1111\/aogs.12658","article-title":"Vitamin D and the risk of preeclampsia--a nested case-control study","volume":"94","author":"Silva","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.102.014977","article-title":"Endovascular trophoblast invasion: Implications for the pathogenesis of intrauterine growth retardation and preeclampsia","volume":"69","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.119176","article-title":"Increased apoptosis in the syncytiotrophoblast in human term placentas complicated by either preeclampsia or intrauterine growth retardation","volume":"186","author":"Ishihara","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"244","article-title":"Innate immune system and preeclampsia","volume":"5","author":"Torres","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2014.102","article-title":"Pre-eclampsia part 1: Current understanding of its pathophysiology","volume":"10","author":"Chaiworapongsa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.119.13348","article-title":"Soluble Endoglin As a Marker for Preeclampsia, Its Severity, and the Occurrence of Adverse Outcomes","volume":"74","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2006.04.001","article-title":"Inflammation and pre-eclampsia","volume":"11","author":"Borzychowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2005.11.001","article-title":"Monocytes of preeclamptic women spontaneously synthesize pro-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"118","author":"Luppi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1159\/000358338","article-title":"Vitamin D and Pre-Eclampsia: Original Data, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"63","author":"Cavadino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-1257","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D status and risk of pre-eclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"98","author":"Tabesh","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.08.015","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"39","author":"Fogacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfma.2017.08.005","article-title":"Vitamins supplementation affects the onset of preeclampsia","volume":"117","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Formos. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaing, W., Vallibhakara, S.A., Tantrakul, V., Vallibhakara, O., Rattanasiri, S., McEvoy, M., Attia, J., and Thakkinstian, A. (2017). Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation for Prevention of Preeclampsia: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9101141"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, C., Keats, E.C., and Bhutta, Z.A. (2020). Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation During Pregnancy on Maternal, Birth, Child Health and Development Outcomes in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020491"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"Cd008873","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Palacios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.02.019","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"103","author":"Pasupuleti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/5\/999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:28:32Z","timestamp":1760135312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/5\/999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14050999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14050999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,27]]}}}