{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:37:49Z","timestamp":1778924269917,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Given the relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and adverse outcomes of metabolic diseases, we investigated the interplay of dietary and genetic components on vitamin D levels and metabolic traits in young adults from Brazil. Genetic analysis, dietary intake, and anthropometric and biochemical measurements were performed in 187 healthy young adults (19\u201324 years). Genetic risk scores (GRS) from six genetic variants associated with vitamin D (vitamin D-GRS) and 10 genetic variants associated with metabolic disease (metabolic-GRS) were constructed. High vitamin D-GRS showed a significant association with low 25(OH)D concentrations (p = 0.001) and high metabolic-GRS showed a significant association with high fasting insulin concentrations (p = 0.045). A significant interaction was found between vitamin D-GRS and total protein intake (g\/day) (adjusted for non-animal protein) on 25(OH)D (pinteraction = 0.006), where individuals consuming a high protein diet (\u226573 g\/d) and carrying &gt;4 risk alleles for VDD had significantly lower 25(OH)D (p = 0.002) compared to individuals carrying \u22644 risk alleles. Even though our study did not support a link between metabolic-GRS and vitamin D status, our study has demonstrated a novel interaction, where participants with high vitamin D-GRS and consuming \u226573 g of protein\/day had significantly lower 25(OH)D levels. Further research is necessary to evaluate the role of animal protein consumption on VDD in Brazilians.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14051015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]],"date-time":"2022-02-28T20:11:14Z","timestamp":1646079074000},"page":"1015","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Genetic Risk Score and Dietary Protein Intake on Vitamin D Status in Young Adults from Brazil"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Buthaina E.","family":"Alathari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"},{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, The Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, P.O. Box 14281, AlFaiha 72853, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nath\u00e1lia Teixeira","family":"Cruvinel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nara Rubia","family":"da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mathurra","family":"Chandrabose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Pitt Building, Earley Gate, Reading RG6 6ES, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7633-9455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julie A.","family":"Lovegrove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6249-8946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria A.","family":"Horst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Genomics Research Group, Faculty of Nutrition, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s (UFG), Goi\u00e2nia 74690-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8485-8930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karani S.","family":"Vimaleswaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Harry Nursten Building, Pepper Lane, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AH, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1498","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-0558-y","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency 2.0: An update on the current status worldwide","volume":"74","author":"Amrein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. 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