{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T23:03:36Z","timestamp":1791846216355,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1028575"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1028575"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000971","name":"Diabetes Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["General Grants"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["General Grants"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000971","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The oral microbiota can contribute to the regulation of blood pressure by increasing the availability of nitric oxide through the reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which can be converted into nitric oxide in the stomach and then enter the circulation. It is unclear if the composition of the oral microbiota is different between women who do and do not develop preeclampsia. This study aimed to compare the composition of the buccal microbiota just prior to the development of symptoms at 36 weeks gestation in 12 women who developed late-onset preeclampsia and 24 matched women who remained normotensive throughout pregnancy by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. The abundance of the nitrate-reducing Veillonella spp V. parvula and V. dispar and a subunit of nitrate reductase narH was compared using real-time PCR. The abundance of bacteria was correlated with maternal blood pressure and dietary intake of nitrate-containing vegetables. The results showed that the abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria including Veillonella, specifically V. parvula, and Prevotella was reduced in women who developed preeclampsia. Veillonella but not Prevotella abundance was negatively correlated with maternal blood pressure. The dietary intake of nitrate-containing vegetables did not differ between the groups and was not correlated with the abundance of Veillonella. There was no difference in the abundance of the nitrate reductase subunit narH between the groups. These results suggest that the abundance of nitrate-reducing bacteria is reduced in the oral microbiota of women who later develop preeclampsia, indicating a potential pathway for prevention.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1646790834000},"page":"1139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Reduced Abundance of Nitrate-Reducing Bacteria in the Oral Microbiota of Women with Future Preeclampsia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Faisal","family":"Altemani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen L.","family":"Barrett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie K.","family":"Callaway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetric Medicine, Royal Brisbane and Women\u2019s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H. David","family":"McIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mater Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-8920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marloes","family":"Dekker Nitert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-16-0538","article-title":"Evaluation of Buccal Cell Samples for Studies of Oral Microbiota","volume":"26","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034515606045","article-title":"Oral Microbiome Metabolism","volume":"94","author":"Takahashi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1093\/ajh\/hpu192","article-title":"Antibacterial Mouthwash Blunts Oral Nitrate Reduction and Increases Blood Pressure in Treated Hypertensive Men and Women","volume":"28","author":"Bondonno","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00389","article-title":"Does the Oral Microbiome Play a Role in Hypertensive Pregnancies?","volume":"10","author":"Willmott","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0756.1996.tb01070.x","article-title":"Urinary Levels of Nitric Oxide Metabolites in Normal Pregnancy and Preeclampsia","volume":"22","author":"Begum","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"257","article-title":"Nitric oxide production increases during normal pregnancy and decreases in preeclampsia","volume":"32","author":"Choi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-006-0149-8","article-title":"Plasma- and urine concentrations of nitrite\/nitrate and cyclic Guanosinemonophosphate in intrauterine growth restricted and preeclamptic pregnancies","volume":"274","author":"Schiessl","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2018.03.023","article-title":"Salivary nitrite production is elevated in individuals with a higher abundance of oral nitrate-reducing bacteria","volume":"120","author":"Burleigh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2466","article-title":"The nitrate\u2013nitrite\u2013nitric oxide pathway in physiology and therapeutics","volume":"7","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-016-0775-z","article-title":"Nitrate and the Origin of Saliva Influence Composition and Short Chain Fatty Acid Production of Oral Microcosms","volume":"72","author":"Koopman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-017-0725-2","article-title":"Oral Microbiome and Nitric Oxide: The Missing Link in the Management of Blood Pressure","volume":"19","author":"Bryan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2020.11.002","article-title":"Association between hypertension, oral microbiome and salivary nitric oxide: A case-control study","volume":"106","author":"Barbadoro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e013324","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.013324","article-title":"Association Between Nitrate-Reducing Oral Bacteria and Cardiometabolic Outcomes: Results From ORIGINS","volume":"8","author":"Goh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16870","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96495-1","article-title":"Oral microflora and pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Jang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3281139ea9","article-title":"Periodontal disease severity is related to high levels of C-reactive protein in pre-eclampsia","volume":"25","author":"Herrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2006.050020","article-title":"Periodontitis Is Associated With Preeclampsia in Pregnant Women","volume":"77","author":"Contreras","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-13-50","article-title":"SPRING: An RCT study of probiotics in the prevention of gestational diabetes mellitus in overweight and obese women","volume":"13","author":"Nitert","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"e1","article-title":"SOMANZ guidelines for the management of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy 2014","volume":"55","author":"Lowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-842X.2000.tb00520.x","article-title":"The Anti Cancer Council of Victoria FFQ: Relative validity of nutrient intakes compared with weighed food records in young to middle-aged women in a study of iron supplementation","volume":"24","author":"Hodge","year":"2000","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"(2020, November 03). Babraham Bioinformatics-FastQC a Quality Control Tool for High throughput Sequence Data. Available online: https:\/\/www.bioinformatics.babraham.ac.uk\/projects\/fastqc\/."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3047","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw354","article-title":"MultiQC: Summarize analysis results for multiple tools and samples in a single report","volume":"32","author":"Ewels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.14806\/ej.17.1.200","article-title":"CUDAPT removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads","volume":"17","author":"Martin","year":"2011","journal-title":"EMBnet J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu170","article-title":"Trimmomatic: A flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data","volume":"30","author":"Bolger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: Improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btw725","article-title":"Calypso: A user-friendly web-server for mining and visualizing microbiome\u2013environment interactions","volume":"33","author":"Zakrzewski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.2004.00184.x","article-title":"Evaluation of bacterial nitrate reduction in the human oral cavity","volume":"113","author":"Doel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.17-0337","article-title":"Salivary nitrate-nitrite conversion capacity after nitrate ingestion and incidence of Veillonella spp. in elderly individuals","volume":"60","author":"Mitsui","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00424.x","article-title":"The predominant cultivable Veillonella spp. of the tongue of healthy adults identified using rpoB sequencing","volume":"23","author":"Beighton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.08.004","article-title":"Effects of dietary nitrate supplementation, from beetroot juice, on blood pressure in hypertensive pregnant women: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled feasibility trial","volume":"80","author":"Ormesher","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04675","article-title":"Dietary Nitrate Provides Sustained Blood Pressure Lowering in Hypertensive Patients","volume":"65","author":"Kapil","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8598.144062","article-title":"Frequency of consumption of specific food items and symptoms of preeclampsia and eclampsia in Indian women","volume":"4","author":"Agrawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Public Health"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/6\/1139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:33:59Z","timestamp":1760135639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/6\/1139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14061139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14061139","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]}}}