{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:16:12Z","timestamp":1792300572946,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is the main cause of nutritional rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. There is consensus that nutritional access to vitamin D can be estimated by measuring serum concentrations of 25OHD and vitamin D deficiency can thus be considered as calcifediol deficiency. However, the threshold for vitamin D\/calcifediol sufficiency remains a matter of debate. Vitamin D\/calcifediol deficiency has been associated with musculoskeletal effects but also multiple adverse extra-skeletal consequences. If these consequences improve or if they can be treated with vitamin D supplementation is still unclear. Observational studies suggest a higher infection risk in people with low calcifediol levels. There is also a consistent association between serum calcifediol and cardiovascular events and deaths, but large-scale, long-term intervention studies did not show any benefit on cardiovascular outcomes from supplementation, at least not in subjects without clear vitamin D deficiency. Cancer risk also did not change with vitamin D treatment, although there are some data that higher serum calcifediol is associated with longer survival in cancer patients. In pregnant women, vitamin D supplementation decreases the risk of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus, and low birth weight. Although preclinical studies showed that the vitamin D endocrine system plays a role in certain neural cells as well as brain structure and function, there is no evidence to support a beneficial effect of vitamin D in neurodegenerative diseases. Vitamin D supplementation may marginally affect overall mortality risk especially in elderly subjects with low serum calcifediol concentrations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T20:19:10Z","timestamp":1646943550000},"page":"1168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Calcifediol (25OH Vitamin D3) Deficiency: A Risk Factor from Early to Old Age"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Roger","family":"Bouillon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1079-2860","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leen","family":"Antonio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical and Experimental Endocrinology, Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1002-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oscar Rosero","family":"Olarte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Endocrinology, Asociaci\u00f3n Colombiana de Osteoporosis, Bogot\u00e1 500005, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"478","article-title":"Rickets before the discovery of vitamin D","volume":"3","author":"Bijvoet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bonekey Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060703","article-title":"Rickets in the 17th century","volume":"21","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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