{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T18:02:06Z","timestamp":1773424926260,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M026639\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M026639\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency (25-hydroxyvitamin D[25(OH)D] &lt;50 nmol\/L) is common among adults in Cape Town, South Africa, but studies investigating vitamin D status of children in this setting are lacking. We conducted a cross-sectional study to determine the prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in 1825 Cape Town schoolchildren aged 6\u201311 years. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 7.6% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 6.5% to 8.9%). Determinants of vitamin D deficiency included month of sampling (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] for July\u2013September vs. January\u2013March 10.69, 95% CI 5.02 to 22.77; aOR for October\u2013December vs. January\u2013March 6.73, 95% CI 2.82 to 16.08), older age (aOR 1.25 per increasing year, 95% CI: 1.01\u20131.53) and higher body mass index (BMI; aOR 1.24 per unit increase in BMI-for-age Z-score, 95% CI: 1.03\u20131.49). In a subset of 370 participants in whom parathyroid hormone (PTH) concentrations were measured; these were inversely related to serum 25(OH)D concentrations (p &lt; 0.001). However, no association between participants with hyperparathyroidism (PTH &gt;6.9 pmol\/L) and vitamin D deficiency was seen (p = 0.42). In conclusion, we report that season is the major determinant of vitamin D status among Cape Town primary schoolchildren, with prevalence of vitamin D deficiency ranging from 1.4% in January\u2013March to 22.8% in July\u2013September.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061263","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1647468904000},"page":"1263","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Prevalence and Determinants of Vitamin D Deficiency in 1825 Cape Town Primary Schoolchildren: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Keren","family":"Middelkoop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justine","family":"Stewart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Delport","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Jolliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9389-5880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James","family":"Nuttall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children\u2019s Hospital, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7086-2621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna K.","family":"Coussens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Immune Defence Division, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9114-1452","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Celeste E.","family":"Naude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Evidence-Based Health Care, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town 7505, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6305-6333","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan C. Y.","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"William D.","family":"Fraser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK"},{"name":"Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals Trust, Norwich NR4 7UY, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK"},{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda-Gail","family":"Bekker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5387-1721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrian R.","family":"Martineau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.12443","article-title":"Diet, sun, and lifestyle as determinants of vitamin D status","volume":"1317","author":"Lips","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. 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