{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T19:39:04Z","timestamp":1790192344175,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is unknown if vitamin D (vitD) sufficiency in breastfeeding mothers can lead to physiological outcomes for their children that are discernible from infant vitD sufficiency per se. In a 3-month, randomized vitD supplementation study of mothers and their exclusively breastfeeding infants, the effects of maternal vitD sufficiency were determined on infant plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (i.e., vitD status) and 11 cytokines. An inverse correlation was seen between maternal vitD status and infant plasma TNF concentration (r = \u22120.27; p &lt; 0.05). Infant whole blood was also subjected to in vitro antigenic stimulation. TNF, IFN\u03b3, IL-4, IL-13, and TGF\u03b21 responses by infant leukocytes were significantly higher if mothers were vitD sufficient but were not as closely correlated to infants\u2019 own vitD status. Conversely, IL-10 and IL-12 responses after antigenic challenge were more correlated to infant vitD status. These data are consistent with vitD-mediated changes in breast milk composition providing immunological signaling to breastfeeding infants and indicate differential physiological effects of direct-infant versus maternal vitD supplementation. Thus, consistent with many previous studies that focused on the importance of vitD sufficiency during pregnancy, maintenance of maternal sufficiency likely continues to affect the health of breastfed infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061266","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:34:27Z","timestamp":1647812067000},"page":"1266","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Maternal Vitamin D Status Correlates to Leukocyte Antigenic Responses in Breastfeeding Infants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Danforth A.","family":"Newton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5870-1000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"Baatz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine E.","family":"Chetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Preston W.","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rene\u00e9 O.","family":"Washington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judy R.","family":"Shary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2764-6533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carol L.","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics\/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children\u2019s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Wagner, C., Taylor, S., and Hollis, B. 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