{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T15:26:37Z","timestamp":1791905197504,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education","award":["2020R1F1A1076385"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020R1F1A1076385"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing consumption of food with high caloric density and a sedentary lifestyle have influenced the increasing obesity prevalence worldwide. The recent pandemic has contributed to this problem. Obesity refers to a state in which lipid accumulates excessively in adipocytes and adipose tissues. Dried heat-killed Enterococcus faecalis (EF-2001) prevents allergic mechanisms, inflammation, and tumor progression. In the present study, we investigated the effects of EF-2001 on high fat diet (HFD)-induced obese rats. The degree of obesity in experimental rats was reduced after 6 weeks of oral administration of 3 mg\/kg or 30 mg\/kg dosages of EF-2001, indicating regulating effects in rats with HFD-induced obesity. We found that EF-2001 decreased the amounts of total cholesterol, triglyceride, and non-high density lipoprotein (HDL) in HFD-induced obese rats. The effects of EF-2001 on 3T3-L1 adipocytes stained with Oil red O stain are shown in reductions of lipid accumulation, respectively. In addition, we examined the relationships between EF-2001 treatment and mechanisms for the insulin signaling of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. EF-2001 induced down-regulation in phosphorylation of Erk, JNK, and Akt through the inhibition of insulin receptor phosphorylation. EF-2001 inhibits the expressions of C\/EBP-\u03b1 and PPAR-\u03b3, a lipid metabolism-related transcription factor through confocal microscope observation and Western blot on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and HFD-induced obese rats. Based on our results, intake of EF-2001 significantly prevented HFD-induced obesity in rats through inhibition of C\/EBP-\u03b1 and PPAR-\u03b3 in the insulin signaling pathway on lipid accumulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14061308","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:34:27Z","timestamp":1647812067000},"page":"1308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Heat-Killed Enterococcus faecalis Prevents Adipogenesis and High Fat Diet-Induced Obesity by Inhibition of Lipid Accumulation through Inhibiting C\/EBP-\u03b1 and PPAR-\u03b3 in the Insulin Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jin-Ho","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2666-2761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keun-Jung","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joonpyo","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jihee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun-Hong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research & Development Center, Doctor TJ Co., Ltd., Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwon-Il","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"},{"name":"Research & Development Center, Korea BeRM Co., Ltd., Wonju 26361, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3415-2016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiro","family":"Iwasa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"},{"name":"BRM Research Center, Nihon Berumu Co., Ltd., Tokyo 100-0014, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1697-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tack-Joong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biological Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"},{"name":"Research & Development Center, Doctor TJ Co., Ltd., Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8931","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO01497D","article-title":"Rock tea (Jasonia glutinosa L. 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