{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:28:29Z","timestamp":1785785309100,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The ketogenic diet (KD) entails a high intake of fat, moderate intake of protein, and a very limited intake of carbohydrates. Ketogenic dieting has been proposed as an effective intervention for type 2 diabetes and obesity since glycemic control is improved and sustained weight loss can be achieved. Interestingly, hyperketonemia is also associated with beneficial cardiovascular effects, possibly caused by improved cardiac energetics and reduced oxygen use. Therefore, the KD has the potential to both treat and prevent cardiovascular disease. However, the KD has some adverse effects that could counteract the beneficial cardiovascular properties. Of these, hyperlipidemia with elevation of triglycerides and LDL cholesterol levels are the most important. In addition, poor diet adherence and lack of knowledge regarding long-term effects may also reduce the broader applicability of the KD. The objective of this narrative review is to provide insights into the KD and its effects on myocardial ketone body utilization and, consequently, cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"1322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Ketogenic Diet and Cardiac Substrate Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5772-4494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thien Vinh","family":"Luong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 165, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4725-9880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline Bruun","family":"Abild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6265-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maj","family":"Bangshaab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lars Christian","family":"Gormsen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET-Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 165, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8041-6994","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esben","family":"S\u00f8ndergaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Hedeager 3, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Blvd. 82, 8200 Aarhus, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3988\/jcn.2015.11.1.26","article-title":"Efficacy of and patient compliance with a ketogenic diet in adults with intractable epilepsy: A meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Ye","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaa112","article-title":"Ketogenic diet, seizure control, and cardiometabolic risk in adult patients with pharmacoresistant epilepsy: A review","volume":"79","author":"Neves","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u0105bek, A., Wojtala, M., Pirola, L., and Balcerczyk, A. (2020). Modulation of Cellular Biochemistry, Epigenetics and Metabolomics by Ketone Bodies. Implications of the Ketogenic Diet in the Physiology of the Organism and Pathological States. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12030788"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rusek, M., Pluta, R., U\u0142amek-Kozio\u0142, M., and Czuczwar, S.J. (2019). Ketogenic Diet in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20163892"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2019.06.026","article-title":"Ketogenic diet in the treatment of cancer\u2014Where do we stand?","volume":"33","author":"Weber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dowis, K., and Banga, S. (2021). The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051654"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kosinski, C., and Jornayvaz, F.R. (2017). Effects of Ketogenic Diets on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: Evidence from Animal and Human Studies. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050517"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1504720","article-title":"Empagliflozin, Cardiovascular Outcomes, and Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"373","author":"Zinman","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0330","article-title":"CV Protection in the EMPA-REG OUTCOME Trial: A \u201cThrifty Substrate\u201d Hypothesis","volume":"39","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005066","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.005066","article-title":"Ketone Body Infusion With 3-Hydroxybutyrate Reduces Myocardial Glucose Uptake and Increases Blood Flow in Humans: A Positron Emission Tomography Study","volume":"6","author":"Gormsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2129","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036459","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Treatment With the Ketone Body 3-Hydroxybutyrate in Chronic Heart Failure Patients","volume":"139","author":"Nielsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.2337\/db15-1356","article-title":"Shift to Fatty Substrate Utilization in Response to Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibition in Subjects Without Diabetes and Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"65","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064916","article-title":"\u03b2-Hydroxybutyrate: A Signaling Metabolite","volume":"37","author":"Newman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165739","article-title":"Cardiac ketone body metabolism","volume":"1866","author":"Clarke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2884","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa370","article-title":"Ketone Body, 3-Hydroxybutyrate: Minor Metabolite\u2014Major Medical Manifestations","volume":"105","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.12.022","article-title":"Multi-dimensional Roles of Ketone Bodies in Fuel Metabolism, Signaling, and Therapeutics","volume":"25","author":"Puchalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258","article-title":"Fuel metabolism in starvation","volume":"26","author":"Cahill","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.07.010","article-title":"Nutritional Ketosis Alters Fuel Preference and Thereby Endurance Performance in Athletes","volume":"24","author":"Cox","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"420","article-title":"Metabolic remodelling of the failing heart: Beneficial or detrimental?","volume":"81","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C547","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00458.2020","article-title":"Effect of the ketogenic diet in excitable tissues","volume":"320","author":"Murano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789458","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.789458","article-title":"Ketone Body Metabolism in the Ischemic Heart","volume":"8","author":"Kolwicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abc8861","article-title":"Comprehensive quantification of fuel use by the failing and nonfailing human heart","volume":"370","author":"Murashige","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardfail.2020.04.005","article-title":"Myocardial Ketones Metabolism in Heart Failure","volume":"26","author":"Karwi","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Card. Fail."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"E308","article-title":"Metabolic and hemodynamic effects of insulin on human hearts","volume":"264","author":"Ferrannini","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Svart, M., Gormsen, L.C., Hansen, J., Zeidler, D., Gejl, M., Vang, K., Aanerud, J., and Moeller, N. (2018). Regional cerebral effects of ketone body infusion with 3-hydroxybutyrate in humans: Reduced glucose uptake, unchanged oxygen consumption and increased blood flow by positron emission tomography. A randomized, controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190556"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa122","article-title":"Acute Hyperketonemia Does Not Affect Glucose or Palmitate Uptake in Abdominal Organs or Skeletal Muscle","volume":"105","author":"Lauritsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000137170.41939.d9","article-title":"Is the failing heart energy starved? On using chemical energy to support cardiac function","volume":"95","author":"Ingwall","year":"2004","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra063052","article-title":"The failing heart\u2013An engine out of fuel","volume":"356","author":"Neubauer","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12475","article-title":"Mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation alterations in heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and diabetic cardiomyopathy","volume":"171","author":"Fillmore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004953","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.118.004953","article-title":"Increased Cardiac Uptake of Ketone Bodies and Free Fatty Acids in Human Heart Failure and Hypertrophic Left Ventricular Remodeling","volume":"11","author":"Voros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.115.017545","article-title":"Evidence for Intramyocardial Disruption of Lipid Metabolism and Increased Myocardial Ketone Utilization in Advanced Human Heart Failure","volume":"133","author":"Bedi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s10741-018-9713-0","article-title":"Metabolic remodeling of substrate utilization during heart failure progression","volume":"24","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart Fail. Rev."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmg.2019.08.030","article-title":"Myocardial Efficiency: A Fundamental Physiological Concept on the Verge of Clinical Impact","volume":"13","author":"Harms","year":"2020","journal-title":"JACC Cardiovasc. Imaging"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-010-9131-7","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy, causes and effects","volume":"11","author":"Boudina","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(72)90595-4","article-title":"New type of cardiomyopathy associated with diabetic glomerulosclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Rubler","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(74)90089-7","article-title":"Role of diabetes in congestive heart failure: The Framingham study","volume":"34","author":"Kannel","year":"1974","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.27.8.1879","article-title":"The incidence of congestive heart failure in type 2 diabetes: An update","volume":"27","author":"Nichols","year":"2004","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4390-4","article-title":"Diabetic cardiomyopathy: A hyperglycaemia- and insulin-resistance-induced heart disease","volume":"61","author":"Jia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1136\/jim-2016-000098","article-title":"Quantification of adipose tissue insulin sensitivity","volume":"64","author":"Jensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2017.08.005","article-title":"The diabetic heart utilizes ketone bodies as an energy source","volume":"77","author":"Mizuno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0921","article-title":"SGLT2 Inhibition Does Not Affect Myocardial Fatty Acid Oxidation or Uptake, but Reduces Myocardial Glucose Uptake and Blood Flow in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial","volume":"70","author":"Lauritsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Raimondo, D., Buscemi, S., Musiari, G., Rizzo, G., Pirera, E., Corleo, D., Pinto, A., and Tuttolomondo, A. (2021). Ketogenic Diet, Physical Activity, and Hypertension-A Narrative Review. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082567"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2003.09.007","article-title":"The therapeutic implications of ketone bodies: The effects of ketone bodies in pathological conditions: Ketosis, ketogenic diet, redox states, insulin resistance, and mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"70","author":"Veech","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fatty. Acids."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753039","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.753039","article-title":"Ketogenic Diets and Cardio-Metabolic Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leone, A., de Amicis, R., Lessa, C., Tagliabue, A., Trentani, C., Ferraris, C., Battezzati, A., Veggiotti, P., Foppiani, A., and Ravella, S. (2019). Food and Food Products on the Italian Market for Ketogenic Dietary Treatment of Neurological Diseases. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051104"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1627769","article-title":"Ketogenic diet: Overview, types, and possible anti-seizure mechanisms","volume":"24","author":"Barzegar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1167.2008.01831.x","article-title":"The modified Atkins diet","volume":"49","author":"Kossoff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105456","article-title":"Stimulation of insulin secretion by amino acids","volume":"45","author":"Floyd","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X16669366","article-title":"Inverse relationship between brain glucose and ketone metabolism in adults during short-term moderate dietary ketosis: A dual tracer quantitative positron emission tomography study","volume":"37","author":"Croteau","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.102.6.1358","article-title":"The efficacy of the ketogenic diet-1998: A prospective evaluation of intervention in 150 children","volume":"102","author":"Freeman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.1.44","article-title":"Effects of a high-protein ketogenic diet on hunger, appetite, and weight loss in obese men feeding ad libitum","volume":"87","author":"Johnstone","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513000548","article-title":"Very-low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet v. low-fat diet for long-term weight loss: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials","volume":"110","author":"Bueno","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-080508-141056","article-title":"Dietary protein, weight loss, and weight maintenance","volume":"29","author":"Nieuwenhuizen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2013.90","article-title":"Ketosis and appetite-mediating nutrients and hormones after weight loss","volume":"67","author":"Sumithran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-005-9001-x","article-title":"Long term effects of ketogenic diet in obese subjects with high cholesterol level","volume":"286","author":"Dashti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2012.01.016","article-title":"Effect of low-calorie versus low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet in type 2 diabetes","volume":"28","author":"Hussain","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2909","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-0845","article-title":"A very low-carbohydrate, low-saturated fat diet for type 2 diabetes management: A randomized trial","volume":"37","author":"Tay","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.12191","article-title":"Two diets with different haemoglobin A1c and antiglycaemic medication effects despite similar weight loss in type 2 diabetes","volume":"16","author":"Mayer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-3-201008030-00005","article-title":"Weight and metabolic outcomes after 2 years on a low-carbohydrate versus low-fat diet: A randomized trial","volume":"153","author":"Foster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1339","article-title":"Modification of lipoproteins by very low-carbohydrate diets","volume":"135","author":"Volek","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx144","article-title":"Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel","volume":"38","author":"Ference","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2009.02091.x","article-title":"Effects of hypocaloric very-low-carbohydrate diet vs. Mediterranean diet on endothelial function in obese women*","volume":"39","author":"Buscemi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154862","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2021.154862","article-title":"Ischemic heart failure mortality is not predicted by cardiac insulin resistance but by diabetes per se and coronary flow reserve: A retrospective dynamic cardiac (18)F-FDG PET study","volume":"123","author":"Luong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A.G., Canfora, E.E., Jocken, J.W.E., and Blaak, E.E. (2019). The Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate in Body Weight Control and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11081943"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613100","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.613100","article-title":"One Month of Classic Therapeutic Ketogenic Diet Decreases Short Chain Fatty Acids Production in Epileptic Patients","volume":"8","author":"Ferraris","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2020.09.015","article-title":"The ketogenic diet: Pros and cons","volume":"292","author":"Raggi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2007.01774.x","article-title":"Low carbohydrate-high protein diet and mortality in a cohort of Swedish women","volume":"261","author":"Lagiou","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602557","article-title":"Low-carbohydrate-high-protein diet and long-term survival in a general population cohort","volume":"61","author":"Trichopoulou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/7\/1322\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:41:03Z","timestamp":1760136063000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/7\/1322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14071322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14071322","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]}}}