{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T22:49:24Z","timestamp":1793227764493,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["110255,202800,106289,064693, 079110,095778,203077"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["110255,202800,106289,064693, 079110,095778,203077"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health in the Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health (CRGGH)","award":["1ZIAHG200362"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1ZIAHG200362"]}]},{"name":"Developing Excellence in Leadership, Training and Science","award":["DEL-15-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DEL-15-003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U1232661351, U105960371, MC-A760-5QX00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U1232661351, U105960371, MC-A760-5QX00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D regulates the master iron hormone hepcidin, and iron in turn alters vitamin D metabolism. Although vitamin D and iron deficiency are highly prevalent globally, little is known about their interactions in Africa. To evaluate associations between vitamin D and iron status we measured markers of iron status, inflammation, malaria parasitemia, and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations in 4509 children aged 0.3 months to 8 years living in Kenya, Uganda, Burkina Faso, The Gambia, and South Africa. Prevalence of iron deficiency was 35.1%, and prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was 0.6% and 7.8% as defined by 25(OH)D concentrations of &lt;30 nmol\/L and &lt;50 nmol\/L, respectively. Children with 25(OH)D concentrations of &lt;50 nmol\/L had a 98% increased risk of iron deficiency (OR 1.98 [95% CI 1.52, 2.58]) compared to those with 25(OH)D concentrations &gt;75 nmol\/L. 25(OH)D concentrations variably influenced individual markers of iron status. Inflammation interacted with 25(OH)D concentrations to predict ferritin levels. The link between vitamin D and iron status should be considered in strategies to manage these nutrient deficiencies in African children.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Vitamin D Deficiency and Its Association with Iron Deficiency in African Children"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6454-1613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reagan M.","family":"Mogire","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme-Accredited Research Centre, Open University, P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4369-9547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Muthii","family":"Muriuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5832-7992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Morovat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Mentzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK"},{"name":"Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Big Data Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily L.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wandia","family":"Kimita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis M.","family":"Ndungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alex W.","family":"Macharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare L.","family":"Cutland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"African Leadership in Vaccinology Expertise (Alive), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sodiomon B.","family":"Sirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amidou","family":"Diarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5104-3946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfred B.","family":"Tiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Groupe de Recherche Action en Sante (GRAS), Ouagadougou 06 BP 10248, Burkina Faso"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6271-2033","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Swaib A.","family":"Lule","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Council (MRC) International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK"},{"name":"Medical Research Council\/Uganda Virus Research Institute and London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe P.O. Box 49, Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7629-0636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shabir A.","family":"Madhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South African Medical Research Council Vaccines and Infectious Diseases Analytics Research Unit, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5389-451X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew M.","family":"Prentice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Unit The Gambia at London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Banjul P.O. Box 273, The Gambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Bejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geographic Medicine Research-Coast, KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), P.O. 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Box 230, Kilifi 80108, Kenya"},{"name":"Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK"},{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hoc.2015.11.002","article-title":"The Global Burden of Anemia","volume":"30","author":"Kassebaum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol. Clin. 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