{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T08:16:29Z","timestamp":1789546589647,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nestle Nutrition Institute","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>(1) Background: Breastmilk provides all the nutrition an infant requires between 0\u20136 months. After that, complementary foods are needed to meet the child\u2019s increasing energy and nutrient requirements. Inadequate energy and nutrient intake may lead to growth faltering, impaired neurodevelopment, and increased disease risk. While the importance of early life nutrition is well recognized, there are few investigations assessing the nutritional adequacy of Australian children &lt;24 months. Here, we describe usual energy and nutrient intake distributions, including the prevalence of inadequate intakes and exceeding the upper limit (UL), in a national sample of Australian children 6\u2013 24 months and infants &lt; six months who had commenced solids and\/or formula. (2) Methods: Dietary intakes were assessed using a one-day food record for 976 children with a repeat one-day record in a random subset. (3) Results: Based on the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, children\u2019s intakes were above the Adequate Intake or Estimated Average Requirement for most nutrients. Exceptions were iron and zinc where the prevalence of inadequacy was estimated to be 90% and 20%, respectively, for infants aged 6\u201311.9 months. Low iron intake was also observed in one quarter of toddlers 12\u201324 months. On average, children consumed 10% more energy than predicted based on Estimated Energy Requirements, and ~10% were classified as overweight based on their weight for length. One third of toddlers exceeded the tolerable upper limit for sodium and consumed &gt; 1000 mg\/day. Of the children under six months, 18% and 43% exceeded the UL for vitamin A (retinol) and zinc. (4) Conclusions: Compared to nutrient reference values, diets were sufficient for most nutrients; however, iron was a limiting nutrient for infants aged 6\u201311.9 months and toddlers 12\u201324 months potentially putting them at risk for iron deficiency. Excessive sodium intake among toddlers is a concern as this may increase the risk for hypertension.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071381","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"1381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Usual Nutrient Intake Distribution and Prevalence of Inadequacy among Australian Children 0\u201324 Months: Findings from the Australian Feeding Infants and Toddlers Study (OzFITS) 2021"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-3153","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Najma A.","family":"Moumin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0642-9145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Merryn J.","family":"Netting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Nutrition Department, Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Health Network, Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5197-7987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca K.","family":"Golley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chelsea E.","family":"Mauch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3832-541X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Makrides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0667-4300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tim J.","family":"Green","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"},{"name":"Women and Kids Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Black, R.E., Makrides, M., and Ong, K.K. 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