{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T14:06:38Z","timestamp":1791986798818,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The second and third trimesters of pregnancy are crucial for the anatomical and functional development of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. If premature birth occurs, the immaturity of the digestive and absorptive processes and of GI motility represent a critical challenge to meet adequate nutritional needs, leading to poor extrauterine growth and to other critical complications. Knowledge of the main developmental stages of the processes involved in the digestion and absorption of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids, as well as of the maturational phases underlying the development of GI motility, may aid clinicians to optimize the nutritional management of preterm infants. The immaturity of these GI systems and functions may negatively influence the patterns of gut colonization, predisposing to an abnormal microbiome. This, in turn, further contributes to alter the functional, immune, and neural development of the GI tract and, especially in preterm infants, has been associated with an increased risk of severe GI complications, such as necrotizing enterocolitis. Deeper understanding of the physiological colonization patterns in term and preterm infants may support the promotion of these patterns and the avoidance of microbial perturbations associated with the development of several diseases throughout life. This review aims to provide a global overview on the maturational features of the main GI functions and on their implications following preterm birth. We will particularly focus on the developmental differences in intestinal digestion and absorption functionality, motility, gut\u2013brain axis interaction, and microbiomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071405","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:41:30Z","timestamp":1648590090000},"page":"1405","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":126,"title":["Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Newborns as a Challenge for an Appropriate Nutrition: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9789-7878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Indrio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Pediatric Section, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6973-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"Neu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida College of Medicine, 1600 SW Archer Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Pettoello-Mantovani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Pediatric Section, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"},{"name":"European Pediatric Association, Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Association pour l\u2019Activit\u00e9 et la Recherche Sc\u00ecentifiques, 2000 Nouch\u00e2tel, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Scientific Institute \u2018Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza\u2019, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Flavia","family":"Marchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Pediatric Section, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2078-7114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Pediatric Association, Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOU Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessia","family":"Salatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neonatology, Section of Pediatrics, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University, 80138 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-985X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arianna","family":"Aceti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Pediatric Association, Union of National European Pediatric Societies and Associations, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, IRCCS AOU Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30552-4","article-title":"Advances in nutrition of the newborn infant","volume":"389","author":"Harding","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1427","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2011.640757","article-title":"Specificity of Infant Digestive Conditions: Some Clues for Developing Relevant In Vitro Models","volume":"54","author":"Bourlieu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Crit. 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