{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:13:43Z","timestamp":1788999223054,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The growing interest in metabolomics has spread to the search for suitable predictive biomarkers for complications related to the emerging issue of pediatric obesity and its related cardiovascular risk and metabolic alteration. Indeed, several studies have investigated the association between metabolic disorders and amino acids, in particular branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). We have performed a revision of the literature to assess the role of BCAAs in children and adolescents\u2019 metabolism, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. We searched on Pubmed\/Medline, including articles published until February 2022. The results have shown that plasmatic levels of BCAAs are impaired already in obese children and adolescents. The relationship between BCAAs, obesity and the related metabolic disorders is explained on one side by the activation of the mTORC1 complex\u2014that may promote insulin resistance\u2014and on the other, by the accumulation of toxic metabolites, which may lead to mitochondrial dysfunction, stress kinase activation and damage of pancreatic cells. These compounds may help in the precocious identification of many complications of pediatric obesity. However, further studies are still needed to better assess if BCAAs may be used to screen these conditions and if any other metabolomic compound may be useful to achieve this goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14071454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1454","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature in Obese Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7441-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nella","family":"Polidori","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora Agata","family":"Grasso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesco","family":"Chiarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2904-2744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cosimo","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, 66100 Chieti, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-019-00357-x","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents: Diagnostic Criteria, Therapeutic Options and Perspectives","volume":"8","author":"Weihe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Obes. Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202759","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/202759","article-title":"Nutrigenomics: Definitions and Advances of This New Science","volume":"2014","author":"Sales","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu262","article-title":"Toward a Road Map for Global-Omics: A Primer on -Omic Technologies","volume":"180","author":"Coughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.09.018","article-title":"Metabolomics and Metabolic Diseases: Where Do We Stand?","volume":"25","author":"Newgard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2009.02.002","article-title":"A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature That Differentiates Obese and Lean Humans and Contributes to Insulin Resistance","volume":"9","author":"Newgard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"418681","article-title":"Elevated Serum Levels of Cysteine and Tyrosine: Early Biomarkers in Asymptomatic Adults at Increased Risk of Developing Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2015","author":"Mohorko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bio. Med. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-015-3517-8","article-title":"Diabetes Risk and Amino Acid Profiles: Cross-Sectional and Prospective Analyses of Ethnicity, Amino Acids and Diabetes in a South Asian and European Cohort from the SABRE (Southall And Brent REvisited) Study","volume":"58","author":"Tillin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-2080","article-title":"Sex Differences in Biomarkers Associated With Insulin Resistance in Obese Adolescents: Metabolomic Profiling and Principal Components Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Newbern","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196910092811503","article-title":"Plasma Amino Acid Levels and Insulin Secretion in Obesity","volume":"281","author":"Felig","year":"1969","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-018-4573-7","article-title":"Serum Metabolomic Profile of Incident Diabetes","volume":"61","author":"Rebholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2307","article-title":"Metabolite Profiles and the Risk of Developing Diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29465","article-title":"Altered Amino Acid Concentrations in NAFLD: Impact of Obesity and Insulin Resistance: Gaggini et Al","volume":"67","author":"Gaggini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-02114","article-title":"Connection Between BMI-Related Plasma Metabolite Profile and Gut Microbiota","volume":"103","author":"Ottosson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.111872","article-title":"Global Metabolomic Profiling Targeting Childhood Obesity in the Hispanic Population","volume":"102","author":"Butte","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2473","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2017-00475","article-title":"Elevated \u03b1-Hydroxybutyrate and Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels Predict Deterioration of Glycemic Control in Adolescents","volume":"102","author":"Prinsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2570","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20901","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiles and Childhood Obesity: Metabolomic Profiles and Childhood Obesity","volume":"22","author":"Perng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2047-6310.2012.00087.x","article-title":"Circulating Branched-Chain Amino Acid Concentrations Are Associated with Obesity and Future Insulin Resistance in Children and Adolescents: Branched-Chain Amino Acids and IR in Children","volume":"8","author":"McCormack","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1159\/000343204","article-title":"Childhood Obesity Is Associated with Changes in the Serum Metabolite Profile","volume":"5","author":"Wahl","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obes. Facts"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.2337\/DC11-1577","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Fatty Acid and Amino Acid Metabolism in Youth With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"35","author":"Mihalik","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goffredo, M., Santoro, N., Tric\u00f2, D., Giannini, C., D\u2019Adamo, E., Zhao, H., Peng, G., Yu, X., Lam, T., and Pierpont, B. (2017). A Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Related Metabolic Signature Characterizes Obese Adolescents with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9070642"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2015.251710","article-title":"Plasma Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial","volume":"62","author":"Toledo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.10.013","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids Cause Liver Injury in Obese\/Diabetic Mice by Promoting Adipocyte Lipolysis and Inhibiting Hepatic Autophagy","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu, W.-C., VanHoosier, E., Elks, C., and Grant, R. (2018). Long-Term Effects of Dietary Protein and Branched-Chain Amino Acids on Metabolism and Inflammation in Mice. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070918"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12739","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.12739","article-title":"A Branched-chain Amino Acid-based Metabolic Score Can Predict Liver Fat in Children and Adolescents with Severe Obesity","volume":"16","author":"Lischka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Obes."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks, 1990\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60460-8","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adults during 1980\u20132013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"384","author":"Ng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The GBD 2015 Obesity Collaborators (2017). Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N. Engl. J. Med., 377, 13\u201327.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-018-0237-4","article-title":"Do Adolescents with Extreme Obesity Differ According to Previous Treatment Seeking Behavior? The Youth with Extreme Obesity Study (YES) Cohort","volume":"43","author":"Lennerz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1515\/jpem-2015-0168","article-title":"Childhood Obesity at the Crossroads","volume":"28","author":"Kiess","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2016.09.017","article-title":"Review of Childhood Obesity","volume":"92","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60171-7","article-title":"Childhood Obesity","volume":"375","author":"Han","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0b013e31826d3c62","article-title":"Childhood Obesity for Pediatr. Gastroenterologists","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-018-0640-1","article-title":"Epidemic Obesity in Children and Adolescents: Risk Factors and Prevention","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1389","article-title":"Childhood Obesity","volume":"90","author":"Speiser","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-020-02399-5","article-title":"Eating Habits and Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown: An Italian Survey","volume":"18","author":"Renzo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22813","article-title":"COVID-19\u2013Related School Closings and Risk of Weight Gain Among Children","volume":"28","author":"Rundle","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000960","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem-2020-000960","article-title":"Changes in Physical Activity and Sedentary Behaviours from before to during the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown: A Systematic Review","volume":"7","author":"Stockwell","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1544","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31024-2","article-title":"Obesity Could Shift Severe COVID-19 Disease to Younger Ages","volume":"395","author":"Kass","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-021-00968-2","article-title":"Age- and Weight Group-Specific Weight Gain Patterns in Children and Adolescents during the 15 Years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic","volume":"46","author":"Vogel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polidori, N., Mainieri, F., Chiarelli, F., Mohn, A., and Giannini, C. (Horm. Res. Paediatr., 2021). Early Insulin-Resistance, T2D and Treatment Options in Childhood, Horm. Res. Paediatr., online ahead of print.","DOI":"10.1159\/000521515"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1415","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)66378-7","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"365","author":"Eckel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.129","article-title":"Filling the Gap: International Reference Values for Health Care in Children","volume":"38","author":"Ahrens","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcl.2015.04.001","article-title":"Childhood Obesity","volume":"62","author":"Gurnani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00342","article-title":"Insulin Resistance in Children","volume":"10","author":"Tagi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000786","article-title":"Update on Childhood\/Adolescent Obesity and Its Sequela","volume":"31","author":"Kohut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ighbariya, A., and Weiss, R. (2017). Insulin Resistance, Prediabetes, Metabolic Syndrome: What Should Every Pediatrician Know?. J. Clin. Res. Pediatr. Endocrinol., 49\u201357.","DOI":"10.4274\/jcrpe.2017.S005"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-4642(17)30043-3","article-title":"Early Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome in Children","volume":"1","author":"Chiarelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Child. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14551","article-title":"Hypertension in Childhood Obesity","volume":"108","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40618-015-0351-2","article-title":"Blood Pressure from Childhood to Adolescence in Obese Youths in Relation to Insulin Resistance and Asymmetric Dimethylarginine","volume":"39","author":"Giorgis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-0277","article-title":"Longitudinal Effects of MRI-Measured Hepatic Steatosis on Biomarkers of Glucose Homeostasis and Hepatic Apoptosis in Obese Youth","volume":"36","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra011775","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"346","author":"Angulo","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.50.8.1844","article-title":"Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"50","author":"Marchesini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21262","article-title":"NAFLD in Children: A Prospective Clinical-Pathological Study and Effect of Lifestyle Advice","volume":"44","author":"Nobili","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4287","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-1010","article-title":"Alanine Aminotransferase Levels and Fatty Liver in Childhood Obesity: Associations with Insulin Resistance, Adiponectin, and Visceral Fat","volume":"91","author":"Burgert","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1053\/bega.2002.0331","article-title":"Steatohepatitis in Children","volume":"16","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"772","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ijo.0801224","article-title":"Liver Steatosis in Juvenile Obesity: Correlations with Lipid Profile, Hepatic Biochemical Parameters and Glycemic and Insulinemic Responses to an Oral Glucose Tolerance Test","volume":"24","author":"Guzzaloni","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2007.122","article-title":"Liver Steatosis in Obese Prepubertal Children: A Possible Role of Insulin Resistance","volume":"16","author":"Impicciatore","year":"2008","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.30626","article-title":"Sex Differences in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: State of the Art and Identification of Research Gaps","volume":"70","author":"Lonardo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16057","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2016.57","article-title":"Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"2","author":"Azziz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gulotta, G., Iannella, G., Vicini, C., Polimeni, A., Greco, A., Vincentiis, M.d., Visconti, I.C., Meccariello, G., Cammaroto, G., and Vito, A.D. (2019). Risk Factors for Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome in Children: State of the Art. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16183235"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.6065\/apem.2018.23.2.62","article-title":"Fat and Bone in Children\u2014Where Are We Now?","volume":"23","author":"Dimitri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-019-0795-8","article-title":"Pseudotumor Cerebri Syndrome in Children","volume":"23","author":"Barmherzig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pain Headache Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"936","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70093-6","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis in Children: An Update on Clinical Diagnosis, Therapeutic Strategies, and Research","volume":"13","author":"Waldman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2019.1997","article-title":"Association of Obesity With Multiple Sclerosis Risk and Response to First-Line Disease Modifying Drugs in Children","volume":"76","author":"Huppke","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704409","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.704409","article-title":"Obesity Facts and Their Influence on Renal Function Across the Life Span","volume":"8","author":"Koch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2013.419","article-title":"Cost-Effectiveness of Screening Strategies for Identifying Pediatric Diabetes Mellitus and Dysglycemia","volume":"167","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2016-2573","article-title":"Pediatric Obesity\u2014Assessment, Treatment, and Prevention: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"102","author":"Styne","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000245795.08139.70","article-title":"A Proinflammatory State Is Detectable in Obese Children and Is Accompanied by Functional and Morphological Vascular Changes","volume":"26","author":"Kapiotis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-06-0662","article-title":"Endothelial Dysfunction Is Related to Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Biomarker Levels in Obese Prepubertal Children","volume":"156","author":"Estepa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.7.1763","article-title":"Relation of C-Reactive Protein to Insulin Resistance and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Youth","volume":"28","author":"Moran","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1537-y","article-title":"Sex and Puberty-Related Differences in Metabolomic Profiles Associated with Adiposity Measures in Youth with Obesity","volume":"15","author":"Saner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00fcrtz, P., Wang, Q., Kangas, A.J., Richmond, R.C., Skarp, J., Tiainen, M., Tynkkynen, T., Soininen, P., Havulinna, A.S., and Kaakinen, M. (2014). Metabolic Signatures of Adiposity in Young Adults: Mendelian Randomization Analysis and Effects of Weight Change. PLoS Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001765"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.28899","article-title":"Metabolic Profiling of Fatty Liver in Young and Middle-aged Adults: Cross-sectional and Prospective Analyses of the Young Finns Study","volume":"65","author":"Kaikkonen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-5448.2008.00406.x","article-title":"The Triglyceride\/HDL-Cholesterol Ratio as a Marker of Cardiovascular Risk in Obese Children; Association with Traditional and Emergent Risk Factors","volume":"9","author":"Quijada","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.12.052","article-title":"SAFETY Study: Alanine Aminotransferase Cutoff Values Are Set Too High for Reliable Detection of Pediatric Chronic Liver Disease","volume":"138","author":"Schwimmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.10.071","article-title":"Histological Abnormalities in Children with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Normal or Mildly Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase Levels","volume":"164","author":"Molleston","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/wsbm.1219","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation: Impact on Signaling and Relevance to Critical Illness: Branched-Chain Amino Acid Supplementation","volume":"5","author":"Mattick","year":"2013","journal-title":"WIREs Syst. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-02698","article-title":"Effect of Obesity and Exercise Training on Plasma Amino Acids and Amino Metabolites in American Indian Adolescents","volume":"104","author":"Short","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.171","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Metabolic Signalling and Insulin Resistance","volume":"10","author":"Lynch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/135.6.1547S","article-title":"Hormonal and Signaling Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids","volume":"135","author":"Nair","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2006.05.003","article-title":"Nutrient Overload, Insulin Resistance, and Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinase 1, S6K1","volume":"3","author":"Um","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/136.1.227S","article-title":"Signaling Pathways and Molecular Mechanisms through Which Branched-Chain Amino Acids Mediate Translational Control of Protein Synthesis","volume":"136","author":"Kimball","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbior.2019.03.003","article-title":"Diverse Signaling Mechanisms of MTOR Complexes: MTORC1 and MTORC2 in Forming a Formidable Relationship","volume":"72","author":"Wainwright","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Biol. Regul."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1042\/EBC20170027","article-title":"MTORC1 as the Main Gateway to Autophagy","volume":"61","author":"Otten","year":"2017","journal-title":"Essays Biochem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8287","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.209171","article-title":"Mechanisms Involved in the Coordinate Regulation of MTORC1 by Insulin and Amino Acids","volume":"286","author":"Dennis","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-015-1944-y","article-title":"Chronic Activation of MTOR Complex 1 by Branched Chain Amino Acids and Organ Hypertrophy","volume":"47","author":"Neishabouri","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/130.10.2413","article-title":"Leucine Stimulates Translation Initiation in Skeletal Muscle of Postabsorptive Rats via a Rapamycin-Sensitive Pathway","volume":"130","author":"Anthony","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.04.004","article-title":"The MTOR Signaling Pathway Mediates Control of Ribosomal Protein MRNA Translation in Rat Liver","volume":"36","author":"Reiter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2004-0921","article-title":"Increased Activation of the Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Pathway in Liver and Skeletal Muscle of Obese Rats: Possible Involvement in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance","volume":"146","author":"Khamzina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/00075197-200501000-00013","article-title":"Update on Nutritional Supplementation with Branched-Chain Amino Acids","volume":"8","author":"Bianchi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.6.1583S","article-title":"Exercise Promotes BCAA Catabolism: Effects of BCAA Supplementation on Skeletal Muscle during Exercise","volume":"134","author":"Shimomura","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.270.5.2320","article-title":"Phosphorylation of Ribosomal Protein S6 Is Inhibitory for Autophagy in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes","volume":"270","author":"Blommaart","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt112","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid Intake and the Risk of Diabetes in a Japanese Community: The Takayama Study","volume":"178","author":"Nagata","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segovia-Siapco, G., Khayef, G., Pribis, P., Oda, K., Haddad, E., and Sabat\u00e9, J. (2019). Animal Protein Intake Is Associated with General Adiposity in Adolescents: The Teen Food and Development Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010110"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"84","article-title":"Nutritional Protein Intake Is Associated with Body Mass Index in Young Adolescents","volume":"156","author":"Hermanussen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Georgian Med. News"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rousseau, M., Gu\u00e9nard, F., Garneau, V., Allam-Ndoul, B., Lemieux, S., P\u00e9russe, L., and Vohl, M.-C. (2019). Associations Between Dietary Protein Sources, Plasma BCAA and Short-Chain Acylcarnitine Levels in Adults. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010173"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114517001568","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid, Meat Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in the Women\u2019s Health Initiative","volume":"117","author":"Isanejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwv268","article-title":"Dietary Protein Intake and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in US Men and Women","volume":"183","author":"Malik","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8711","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201802842RR","article-title":"Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acid-Catabolizing Enzymes in Intertissue Signaling, Metabolic Remodeling, and Energy Homeostasis","volume":"33","author":"Biswas","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0707","article-title":"Early Metabolic Markers of the Development of Dysglycemia and Type 2 Diabetes and Their Physiological Significance","volume":"62","author":"Ferrannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suhre, K., Meisinger, C., D\u00f6ring, A., Altmaier, E., Belcredi, P., Gieger, C., Chang, D., Milburn, M.V., Gall, W.E., and Weinberger, K.M. (2010). Metabolic Footprint of Diabetes: A Multiplatform Metabolomics Study in an Epidemiological Setting. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0013953"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4057","article-title":"A Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolite Drives Vascular Fatty Acid Transport and Causes Insulin Resistance","volume":"22","author":"Jang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-2284","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Insulin Metabolism: The Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yoon, M.-S. (2016). The Emerging Role of Branched-Chain Amino Acids in Insulin Resistance and Metabolism. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070405"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1175","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00630.2012","article-title":"Regulation of Adipose Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Enzyme Expression and Cross-Adipose Amino Acid Flux in Human Obesity","volume":"304","author":"Lackey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1552","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00134.2007","article-title":"Obesity-Related Elevations in Plasma Leucine Are Associated with Alterations in Enzymes Involved in Branched-Chain Amino Acid Metabolism","volume":"293","author":"She","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11348","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.075184","article-title":"Adipose Tissue Branched Chain Amino Acid (BCAA) Metabolism Modulates Circulating BCAA Levels","volume":"285","author":"Herman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.01.007","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids Are Novel Biomarkers for Discrimination of Metabolic Wellness","volume":"62","author":"Batch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22694","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiles of Overweight\/Obesity Phenotypes During Adolescence: A Cross-Sectional Study in Project Viva","volume":"28","author":"Perng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3945\/an.111.000737","article-title":"Emerging Perspectives on Essential Amino Acid Metabolism in Obesity and the Insulin-Resistant State","volume":"2","author":"Adams","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12884","article-title":"Insulin Resistance during Normal Child Growth and Development Is Associated with a Distinct Blood Metabolic Phenotype (Earlybird 72)","volume":"20","author":"Hosking","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2014.10.220","article-title":"Prediction of Future Risk of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome Based on Korean Boy\u2019s Metabolite Profiling","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2016.02.007","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids Are Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Profiles Found Already in Lean, Overweight and Obese Young","volume":"32","author":"Mangge","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2018.01.001","article-title":"Amino Acid Profiles of Young Adults Differ by Sex, Body Mass Index and Insulin Resistance","volume":"28","author":"Rosado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Concepcion, J., Chen, K., Saito, R., Gangoiti, J., Mendez, E., Nikita, M.E., Barshop, B.A., Natarajan, L., Sharma, K., and Kim, J.J. (2020). Identification of Pathognomonic Purine Synthesis Biomarkers by Metabolomic Profiling of Adolescents with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234970"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2108909","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2108909","article-title":"Tyrosine Is Associated with Insulin Resistance in Longitudinal Metabolomic Profiling of Obese Children","volume":"2016","author":"Hellmuth","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2119","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2170","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiling of Amino Acids and \u03b2-Cell Function Relative to Insulin Sensitivity in Youth","volume":"97","author":"Michaliszyn","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.22164","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acids, Androgen Hormones, and Metabolic Risk Across Early Adolescence: A Prospective Study in Project Viva: BCAA, Androgens, and Metabolic Risk in Adolescence","volume":"26","author":"Perng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.144428","article-title":"Metabolomic Profiles as Reliable Biomarkers of Dietary Composition","volume":"105","author":"Esko","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy099","article-title":"Serum Untargeted Metabolomic Profile of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Pattern","volume":"108","author":"Rebholz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Q., Black, A., Kales, S.N., Vattem, D., Ruiz-Canela, M., and Sotos-Prieto, M. (2019). Metabolomics and Microbiomes as Potential Tools to Evaluate the Effects of the Mediterranean Diet. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11010207"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.144501","article-title":"Identifying Biomarkers of Dietary Patterns by Using Metabolomics","volume":"105","author":"Playdon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.43","article-title":"Serum Metabolomic Profiling Highlights Pathways Associated with Liver Fat Content in a General Population Sample","volume":"71","author":"Koch","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2010.03.006","article-title":"Plasma Metabolomic Profile in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"60","author":"Kalhan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orcp.2015.01.003","article-title":"Elevation of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels in Diabetes and NAFL and Changes with Antidiabetic Drug Treatment","volume":"9","author":"Iwasa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obes. Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2014.53","article-title":"Mapping of the Circulating Metabolome Reveals \u03b1-Ketoglutarate as a Predictor of Morbid Obesity-Associated Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"39","author":"Guirro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-014-1894-9","article-title":"Branched Chain Amino Acid Metabolism Profiles in Progressive Human Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"47","author":"Lake","year":"2015","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, S., Wiklund, P., Autio, R., Borra, R., Ojanen, X., Xu, L., T\u00f6rm\u00e4kangas, T., and Alen, M. (2015). Adipose Tissue Dysfunction and Altered Systemic Amino Acid Metabolism Are Associated with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0138889"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.07.001","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid Catabolism Rather than Amino Acids Plasma Concentrations Is Associated with Diet-Induced Changes in Insulin Resistance in Overweight to Obese Individuals","volume":"27","author":"Haufe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/hep4.1417","article-title":"Development of a Plasma Screening Panel for Pediatric Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Using Metabolomics","volume":"3","author":"Khusial","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatol. Commun."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.01.026","article-title":"Amino Acid Metabolism Is Altered in Adolescents with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease\u2014An Untargeted, High Resolution Metabolomics Study","volume":"172","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2356-5","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acid Levels Are Associated with Improvement in Insulin Resistance with Weight Loss","volume":"55","author":"Shah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"80re2","article-title":"Differential Metabolic Impact of Gastric Bypass Surgery Versus Dietary Intervention in Obese Diabetic Subjects Despite Identical Weight Loss","volume":"3","author":"Reilly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1089\/lap.2011.0115","article-title":"Combined Serum Proteomic and Metabonomic Profiling After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy in Children and Adolescents","volume":"22","author":"Oberbach","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Laparoendosc. Adv. Surg. Tech."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1007\/s11695-008-9521-z","article-title":"Serum Phenylalanine Concentration as a Marker of Liver Function in Obese Patients Before and After Bariatric Surgery","volume":"19","author":"Swierczynski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Obes. Surg."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leonetti, S., Herzog, R.I., Caprio, S., Santoro, N., and Tric\u00f2, D. (2020). Glutamate\u2013Serine\u2013Glycine Index: A Novel Potential Biomarker in Pediatric Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Children, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/children7120270"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/7\/1454\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:47:06Z","timestamp":1760136426000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/7\/1454"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14071454"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14071454","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}}}