{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T18:53:05Z","timestamp":1788807185374,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Kaohsiung Medical University Research Center","award":["KMU-TC111A01 and KMUTC111IFSP01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KMU-TC111A01 and KMUTC111IFSP01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is prevalent in Taiwan; however, the association between MetS and cognitive function is unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the associations between MetS, its components, and obesity-related indices with cognitive function in a large Taiwanese cohort. We enrolled a total of 28,486 participants who completed the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) questionnaire, which was used to evaluate cognitive function. MetS was defined according to the NCEP-ATP III guidelines and modified criteria for Asians. Ten obesity-related indices were also evaluated: body mass index (BMI), abdominal volume index (AVI), body adiposity index (BAI), waist\u2013hip ratio (WHR), a body shape index (ABSI), lipid accumulation product, waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), conicity index (CI), body roundness index (BRI), and triglyceride glucose index. The prevalence of MetS and its components (except for hypertriglyceridemia) and the number of MetS components increased while the cognitive impairment worsened (from MMSE \u2265 24, 18\u201323 to 0\u201317). In addition, increases in all obesity-related index values were associated with a decline in cognitive function (from MMSE \u2265 24, 18\u201323 to 0\u201317, ANOVA p &lt; 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that MetS (p = 0.002), abdominal obesity (p &lt; 0.001), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.004), and hyperglycemia (p = 0.012) were significantly associated with a low MMSE score. Further, participants with high BMI (p = 0.001), WHR (p &lt; 0.001), WHtR (p &lt; 0.001), BRI (p &lt; 0.001), CI (p &lt; 0.001), BAI (p &lt; 0.001), AVI (p &lt; 0.001), and ABSI (p &lt; 0.001) values were significantly associated with a low MMSE score. Our results show that MetS and its components (except for hypertriglyceridemia and high blood pressure) may lead to cognitive impairment, and that high values of obesity-related indices were associated with poor cognitive function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081535","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T21:08:22Z","timestamp":1649365702000},"page":"1535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Metabolic Syndrome and High-Obesity-Related Indices Are Associated with Poor Cognitive Function in a Large Taiwanese Population Study Older than 60 Years"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2425-1002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Han","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Post Baccalaureate Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1610-4184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szu-Chia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiun-Hung","family":"Geng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5737-6613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Da-Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hsun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"},{"name":"Integrated Center of Healthy and Long-Term Care, Kaohsiung Municipal Siaogang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 812, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026733","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026733","article-title":"Classification tree model of the personal economic burden of dementia care by related factors of both people with dementia and caregivers in Japan: A cross-sectional online survey","volume":"9","author":"Nakabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4198","article-title":"The main cost drivers in dementia: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Schaller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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