{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T16:43:04Z","timestamp":1787244184931,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Elevated serum cholesterol is a major risk factor for coronary heart diseases. Some Lactobacillus strains with cholesterol-lowering potential have been isolated from artisanal food products. The purpose of this study was to isolate probiotic Lactobacillus strains from traditional yoghurt (dahi) and yogurt milk (lassi) and investigate the impact of these strains on the blood lipid profile and anti-obesity effect in a high cholesterol high fat diet model in Wistar rats. Eight candidate probiotic strains were chosen based on in vitro probiotic features and cholesterol reduction ability. By 16S rDNA sequencing, these strains were identified as Limosilactibacillus fermentum FM6, L. fermentum FM16, L. fermentum FM12, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus FM9, L. fermentum Y55, L. fermentum Y57, L. rhamnosus Y59, and L. fermentum Y63. The safety of these strains was investigated by feeding 2 \u00d7 108 CFU\/mL in saline water for 28 days in a Wistar rat model. No bacterial translocation or any other adverse effects were observed in animals after administration of strains in water, which indicates the safety of strains. The cholesterol-lowering profile of these probiotics was evaluated in male Wistar rats using a high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFCD) model. For 30 days, animals were fed probiotic strains in water with 2 \u00d7 108 CFU\/mL\/rat\/day, in addition to a high fat, high cholesterol diet. The cholesterol-lowering effects of various probiotic strains were compared to those of statin. All strains showed improvement in total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides, and weight gain. Serum cholesterol levels were reduced by 9% and 8% for L. rhamnosus FM9 and L. fermentum Y57, respectively, compared to 5% for the statin-treated group. HDL levels significantly improved by 46 and 44% for L. rhamnosus FM9 and L. fermentum Y57, respectively, compared to 46% for the statin-treated group. Compared to the statin-treated group, FM9 and Y57 significantly reduced LDL levels by almost twofold. These findings show that these strains can improve blood lipid profiles as effectively as statins in male Wistar rats. Furthermore, probiotic-fed groups helped weight control in animals on HFCD, indicating the possible anti-obesity potential of these strains. These strains can be used to develop food products and supplements to treat ischemic heart diseases and weight management. Clinical trials, however, are required to validate these findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1650330181000},"page":"1654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus FM9 and Limosilactobacillus fermentum Y57 Are as Effective as Statins at Improving Blood Lipid Profile in High Cholesterol, High-Fat Diet Model in Male Wistar Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hamza","family":"Zafar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdulrahman","family":"Alshammari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Alghamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Riyadh Security Forces Hospital, Ministry of Interior, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Raja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0486-4661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amjad","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1426-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abubakar","family":"Siddique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syeda Duaa","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3476-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samina","family":"Akbar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUT Nancy Brabois, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, 54601 Villers-l\u00e8s-Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryum","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Nutrition, Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Metab","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0393-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Atta ur Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"WHO Expert Committee on the Selection, Use of Essential Medicines, World Health Organization (2014). The Selection and Use of Essential Medicines: Report of the WHO Expert Committee, 2013 (Including the 18th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines and the 4th WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children)."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx628","article-title":"European Society of Cardiology: Cardiovascular disease statistics 2017","volume":"39","author":"Kedev","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, M., Jebb, S.A., Aveyard, P., Ambrosini, G.L., Perez-Cornago, A., Carter, J., Sun, X., and Piernas, C.J.B.M. (2021). Associations between dietary patterns and the incidence of total and fatal cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in 116,806 individuals from the UK Biobank: A prospective cohort study. BMC Med., 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-021-01958-x"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40800-017-0045-0","article-title":"Physicians\u2019 experiences as patients with statin side effects: A case series","volume":"4","author":"Koslik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Drug Saf.-Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.01.019","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effects of a putative probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum EM isolated from kimchi","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2499","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms11062499","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering effects of probiotics and prebiotics: A review of in vivo and in vitro findings","volume":"11","author":"Ooi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00502","article-title":"Mechanistic insights into probiotic properties of lactic acid bacteria associated with ethnic fermented dairy products","volume":"10","author":"Ghosh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2009.10.010","article-title":"Screening of potential probiotic properties of Lactobacillus fermentum isolated from traditional dairy products","volume":"21","author":"Bao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01683","article-title":"Probiotic properties of Lactobacillus plantarum RYPR1 from an indigenous fermented beverage Raabadi","volume":"7","author":"Yadav","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1007\/s13594-012-0061-x","article-title":"Predominant lactic acid bacteria in traditional fermented yak milk products in the Sichuan Province of China","volume":"92","author":"Bao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2003.09.004","article-title":"Lactic acid bacteria as functional starter cultures for the food fermentation industry","volume":"15","author":"Leroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s13594-014-0167-4","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of lactobacilli from traditional fermented Dahi produced at different altitudes in Nepal","volume":"94","author":"Koirala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dairy Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.17221\/299\/2014-CJFS","article-title":"Two different methods for screening of bile salt hydrolase activity in Lactobacillus strains","volume":"33","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Czech J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2782","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.004107","article-title":"A taxonomic note on the genus Lactobacillus: Description of 23 novel genera, emended description of the genus Lactobacillus Beijerinck 1901, and union of Lactobacillaceae and Leuconostocaceae","volume":"70","author":"Zheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2015.12.033","article-title":"Effect of dairy animal species and of the type of starter cultures on the cholesterol content of manufactured fermented milks","volume":"136","author":"Bonczar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"902917","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/902917","article-title":"Cholesterol-lowering probiotics as potential biotherapeutics for metabolic diseases","volume":"2012","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Exp. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-019-09622-w","article-title":"Hypocholesterolemic effect of potential probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from traditional fermented foods in Wistar rats","volume":"12","author":"Thakkar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"380316","article-title":"Cholesterol assimilation by Lactobacillus probiotic bacteria: An in vitro investigation","volume":"2014","author":"Jones","year":"2014","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-013-1356-7","article-title":"Preliminary evaluation of probiotic potential of Lactobacillus plantarum strains isolated from Italian food products","volume":"29","author":"Turchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khalil, E.S., Manap, A., Yazid, M., Mustafa, S., Alhelli, A.M., and Shokryazdan, P. (2018). Probiotic properties of exopolysaccharide-producing Lactobacillus strains isolated from tempoyak. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23020398"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2006.03225.x","article-title":"Safety assessment of two probiotic strains, Lactobacillus coryniformis CECT5711 and Lactobacillus gasseri CECT5714","volume":"103","author":"Sierra","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindb\u00e4ck, T., and Granum, P.E. (2006). Detection and purification of Bacillus cereus enterotoxins. Food-Borne Pathogens, Springer.","DOI":"10.1385\/1-59259-990-7:015"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1007\/s11274-006-9201-x","article-title":"Identification and characterization of dominant lactic acid bacteria isolated from traditional fermented milk Dahi in Bangladesh","volume":"23","author":"Togo","year":"2007","journal-title":"World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)36896-6","article-title":"Determination of cholesterol using o-phthalaldehyde","volume":"14","author":"Rudel","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.09.015","article-title":"Probiotic characteristics of Lactobacillus fermentum strains isolated from tulum cheese","volume":"30","author":"Kaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plavec, T.V., and Berlec, A. (2020). Safety aspects of genetically modified lactic acid bacteria. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8020297"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.9790\/0853-1215660","article-title":"Safety concerns of Probiotic use: A review","volume":"12","author":"Suresh","year":"2013","journal-title":"IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"603","article-title":"Safety assessment of Lactobacillus fermentum PL9005, a potential probiotic lactic acid bacterium, in mice","volume":"15","author":"Park","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/jfs.12211","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Lactobacillus sp. isolated from commercial probiotic preparations","volume":"36","author":"Sharma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.04.004","article-title":"Evaluation of adhesion capacity, cell surface traits and immunomodulatory activity of presumptive probiotic Lactobacillus strains","volume":"140","author":"Kotzamanidis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-018-9469-9","article-title":"Identification of a novel potential probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum FB003 isolated from salted-fermented shrimp and its effect on cholesterol absorption by regulation of NPC1L1 and PPAR\u03b1","volume":"11","author":"Le","year":"2019","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2008.04.027","article-title":"Functional characteristics of Lactobacillus spp. from traditional Maasai fermented milk products in Kenya","volume":"126","author":"Mathara","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-012-9101-3","article-title":"Bile salt hydrolase (Bsh) activity screening of Lactobacilli: In vitro selection of indigenous Lactobacillus strains with potential bile salt hydrolysing and cholesterol-lowering ability","volume":"4","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.3.1270-1273.2003","article-title":"Persistence of colonization of intestinal mucosa by a probiotic strain, Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus Lcr35, after oral consumption","volume":"41","author":"Maroncle","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103497","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103497","article-title":"Effect of bile salt hydrolase-active Lactobacillus plantarum KLDS 1.0344 on cholesterol metabolism in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet","volume":"61","author":"Guo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566473","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.566473","article-title":"Screening, safety evaluation, and mechanism of two Lactobacillus fermentum strains in reducing the translocation of staphylococcus aureus in the Caco-2 monolayer model","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"123","article-title":"Benefits of fermented milk in rats fed by hypercholesterolemic diet (II)","volume":"7","author":"Lee","year":"1992","journal-title":"Korean J. Food Hyg."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422416000226","article-title":"Mechanisms responsible for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of regular consumption of probiotics","volume":"30","author":"Reis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-009-2012-x","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum MA2 isolated from Tibet kefir on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora of rats fed on high-cholesterol diet","volume":"84","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"795","article-title":"The effect of two Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains on the blood lipid profile of rats fed with high fat containing diet","volume":"24","author":"Nocianitri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Food Res. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.4214","article-title":"Characterisation of Lactobacillus fermentum SM-7 isolated from koumiss, a potential probiotic bacterium with cholesterol-lowering effects","volume":"91","author":"Pan","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2571","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.20428","article-title":"Probiotics L. pelantarum and L. curvatus in combination alter hepatic lipid metabolism and suppress diet-Induced obesity","volume":"12","author":"Yoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, N., Cui, Y., Yin, Y.-N., Zhao, X., Yang, J.-W., Wang, Z.-G., Fu, N., Tang, Y., Wang, X.-H., and Liu, X.-W. (2011). Effects of two Lactobacillus strains on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in rats fed a high-cholesterol diet. BMC Complement. Altern. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-6882-11-53"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00309.x","article-title":"Probiotics: A critical review of their potential role as antihypertensives, immune modulators, hypocholesterolemics, and perimenopausal treatments","volume":"65","author":"Liong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2013.874937","article-title":"Effects of probiotic yogurt on fat distribution and gene expression of proinflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in overweight and obese people with or without weight-loss diet","volume":"33","author":"Zarrati","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"2963","article-title":"Oral administration of Lactobacillus acidophilus restores nitric oxide level in diabetic rats","volume":"3","author":"Harisa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34182","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M204887200","article-title":"Stimulation of lipogenesis by pharmacological activation of the liver X receptor leads to production of large, triglyceride-rich very low density lipoprotein particles","volume":"277","author":"Grefhorst","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-511X-10-126","article-title":"Influence of a probiotic soy product on fecal microbiota and its association with cardiovascular risk factors in an animal model","volume":"10","author":"Cavallini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104078","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.104078","article-title":"Intervention of five strains of Lactobacillus on obesity in mice induced by high-fat diet","volume":"72","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2100136","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202100136","article-title":"Ligilactobacillus Salivarius LCK11 Prevents Obesity by Promoting PYY Secretion to Inhibit Appetite and Regulating Gut Microbiota in C57BL\/6J Mice","volume":"17","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1039\/D0FO00730G","article-title":"Oral administration of Lactobacillus fermentum CRL1446 improves biomarkers of metabolic syndrome in mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with wheat bran","volume":"11","author":"Russo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/8\/1654\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:04Z","timestamp":1760136904000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/8\/1654"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14081654"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14081654","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]}}}