{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:00:38Z","timestamp":1760151638347,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The relationship between hearing impairment and nutrition has been extensively investigated; however, few studies have focused on this topic in working-age adults by income level. Herein, we aimed to determine the differences in hearing impairment among working-age adults by income level and identify the nutritional factors that affect hearing loss in various socioeconomic groups. Seven-hundred-and-twenty participants had hearing impairment, while 10,130 had normal hearing. After adjustment for propensity score matching, income and smoking status were identified as significant variables. By assessing the relationship between hearing impairment and nutrient intake by income level using multiple regression analyses, significant nutrients differed for each income category. Carbohydrate and vitamin C levels were significant in the low-income group; protein, fat, and vitamin B1 levels were significant in the middle-income group; and carbohydrates were significant in the high-income group. Income was significantly associated with hearing impairment in working-age adults. The proportion of individuals with hearing impairment increased as income decreased. The association between hearing impairment and nutritional intake also differed by income level. Our findings may enable the establishment of health policies for preventing hearing impairment in working-age adults by income level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14081655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T01:03:01Z","timestamp":1650330181000},"page":"1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Relationship between Nutrient Intake and Hearing Loss According to the Income Level of Working-Aged Adults: A Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Juhyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ji-Hyeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0162-1741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chulyoung","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5657-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chanbeom","family":"Kwak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Hearing and Technology, Research Institute of Audiology and Speech Pathology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"},{"name":"Division of Speech Pathology and Audiology, College of Natural Sciences, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7974-8027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Joon","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Data Science, Yonsei University, Wonju 26493, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-5705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tae-Hoon","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young-Joon","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute of Hearing Enhancement, Yonsei University, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju 26426, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.13.128728","article-title":"The global burden of disabling hearing impairment: A call to action","volume":"92","author":"Olusanya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. 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