{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:36:01Z","timestamp":1791930961872,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of many complications, which is a main public health problem worldwide with social and economic consequences. Human milk from breast feeding has been proved to be the optimal nutrition strategy for preterm infants when available. However, the lack of human milk from mothers makes formula widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, donated breast milk has gained popularity as an alternative choice which can provide human milk oligosaccharides and other bioactive substances. Objective: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the nutritional effects of donated breast milk on preterm infants compared with formula. Method: In the present study, we searched Medline, Web of Science, Embase, clinicaltrials.gov, the China national knowledge infrastructure, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials for candidate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: A total of 1390 patients were enrolled in 11 RCTs and meta-analysis results showed that donated breast milk is also more advantageous in reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.93, p = 0.02), reducing the duration of parenteral nutrition (MD = \u22122.39, 95% CI = \u22123.66 to \u22121.13, p = 0.0002) and the time of full enteral feeding (MD = \u22120.33, 95% CI = \u22123.23 to 2.57, p = 0.0002). In comparison, formula significantly promotes the growth of premature infants, including their weight gain (MD = \u22123.45, 95% CI = \u22123.68 to \u22123.21, p &lt; 0.00001), head growth (MD = \u22120.07, 95% CI = \u22120.08 to \u22120.06, p &lt; 0.00001) and body length (MD = \u22120.13, 95% CI = \u22120.15 to \u22120.11, p &lt; 0.00001), and reduces the time it takes for premature infants to regain birth weight (MD = 6.60, 95% CI = 6.11 to 7.08, p &lt; 0.00001. Conclusion: Compared with formula, donated breast milk could significantly reduce the incidence of NEC, the duration of parenteral nutrition, and the time of full enteral feeding. Adding fortifiers in donated milk could make it as effective as formula in promoting the physical growth of premature infants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091724","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"1724","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Efficacy of Donated Milk in Early Nutrition of Preterm Infants: A Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-9106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China"},{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4908-0307","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7810-9506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9971-4027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zanmin","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0097-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"},{"name":"Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1571202","article-title":"Short-and Long-Term Outcomes for Extremely Preterm Infants","volume":"33","author":"Patel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. 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