{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:59:40Z","timestamp":1787029180429,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The popularization of the gluten-free diet brings with it a fashion for its use, which can harm the treatment of Hashimoto\u2019s disease. The few studies in this regard do not confirm positive changes resulting from a gluten-free diet. At the same time, the presence of other comorbid autoimmune diseases in this group of patients is increasing. This may have important implications for the interpretation of test results and the need for a gluten-free diet in some patients. In this review, the PubMed database was searched for links between a gluten-free diet, Hashimoto\u2019s disease, and autoimmune diseases. When analyzing the available literature, we found no basis for introducing a gluten-free diet for the standard management of Hashimoto patients. The recommended diet is instead an anti-inflammatory diet that levels the supply (to compensate for deficiencies) of vitamin D, iodine, and selenium, which are found in plant products rich in polyphenols, antioxidants, and omega-3 fatty acids, as illustrated in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091727","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"1727","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Doubtful Justification of the Gluten-Free Diet in the Course of Hashimoto\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9808-0624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ma\u0142gorzata","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anhelli","family":"Syrenicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Szymkowiak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5210-3277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Przybylska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Diabetology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, 60-834 Pozna\u0144, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0610-7629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urszula","family":"Szczuko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Metabolomics, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0393-6288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Pob\u0142ocki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases and Internal Diseases, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2352-7588","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta","family":"Kulpa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding and Biotechnology, Faculty of Environmental Management and Agriculture, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 71-434 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1939-4551-6-3","article-title":"The biodiversity hypothesis and allergic disease: World allergy organization position statement","volume":"6","author":"Haahtela","year":"2013","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bargiel, P., Szczuko, M., Stachowska, L., Prowans, P., Czapla, N., Markowska, M., Petriczko, J., Kledzik, J., J\u0119drzejczyk-Kledzik, A., and Palma, J. (2021). Microbiome Metabolites and Thyroid Dysfunction. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10163609"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2019.05.008","article-title":"Microbiota and Thyroid Interaction in Health and Disease","volume":"30","author":"Wahl","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2017.0395","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis Patients","volume":"28","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548832","article-title":"The Pathogenesis of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: Further Developments in our Understanding","volume":"47","author":"Ajjan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"3611","article-title":"Autoimmune thyroid disease: Mechanism, genetics and current knowledge","volume":"18","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"51","article-title":"A concise review of Hashimoto thyroiditis (HT) and the importance of iodine, selenium, vitamin D and gluten on the autoimmunity and dietary management of HT patients.Points that need more investigation","volume":"20","author":"Liontiris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hell J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"343","article-title":"Genetic and Environmental Factors in the Pathophysiology of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"17","author":"Sur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Rev. PER"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2011.06.003","article-title":"Thyroid hormone regulation by stress and behavioral differences in adult male rats","volume":"60","author":"Helmreich","year":"2011","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beem.2019.101367","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: Epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinic and therapy","volume":"33","author":"Ragusa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"394","article-title":"Role of food and nutrition in pathogenesis and prevention of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"8","author":"Puszkarz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Educ. Health Sport"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.2174\/138920211798120763","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: From Genes to the Disease","volume":"12","author":"Zaletel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Genom."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"1","article-title":"Autoimmune Thyroid Disorders","volume":"2013","author":"Iddah","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1129","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1120989","article-title":"The importance of selenium in the treatment of Hashimoto\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Zagrodzki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Postepy. Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1559631","article-title":"The Role of Iodine and Selenium in Autoimmune Thyroiditis","volume":"47","author":"Duntas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1007\/s11596-007-0418-1","article-title":"Effect of excessive iodine on immune function of lymphocytes and intervention with selenium","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Huazhong Univ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.36921\/kos.2019_2545","article-title":"Fizjologiczne aspekty post\u0119powania dietetycznego w chorobie Hashimoto","volume":"68","author":"Lachowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kosmos"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"57","article-title":"Method for classification of ultrasound thyroid images by decision tree induction","volume":"260","author":"Omiotek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pract. Inst. Elektrotechniki."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/2230-8210.109667","article-title":"Thyroid ultrasound","volume":"17","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.01.007","article-title":"Hashimoto thyroiditis: Clinical and diagnostic criteria","volume":"13","author":"Caturegli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.9052","article-title":"Subclinical Hypothyroidism","volume":"322","author":"Biondi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/112331","article-title":"The importance of nutritional factors and dietary management of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"27","author":"Ihnatowicz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"27","article-title":"Subclinical thyroid dysfunction\u2014Whether and when to treat?","volume":"15","author":"Tupikowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fam. Med. Prim. Care Rev."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"313","article-title":"Immune-mediated ataxias","volume":"155","author":"Joubert","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neuroparasitology Trop. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1713301","article-title":"Autoimmune Polyendocrine Syndromes","volume":"378","author":"Husebye","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-110480","article-title":"Impact of Autoimmune Thyroiditis on Reproductive and Metabolic Parameters in Patients with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome","volume":"126","author":"Ulrich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.0190","article-title":"Association of Depression and Anxiety Disorders with Autoimmune Thyroiditis\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Siegmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahaly, G.J., Frommer, L., and Schuppan, D. (2018). Celiac Disease and Glandular Autoimmunity. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10070814"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.26444\/aaem\/136523","article-title":"The importance of gluten exclusion in the management of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"28","author":"Ihnatowicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2019.02.019","article-title":"Celiac Disease","volume":"94","author":"Oxentenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2018.1503103","article-title":"Evaluation of Correlations Between Food-Specific Antibodies and Clinical Aspects of Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"38","author":"Zlodre","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"13","article-title":"Controversies on gluten","volume":"2","author":"Pastusiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Varia Medica"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El Khoury, D., Balfour-Ducharme, S., and Joye, I.J. (2018). A Review on the Gluten-Free Diet: Technological and Nutritional Challenges. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10101410"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colombo, F., Di Lorenzo, C., Biella, S., Bani, C., and Restani, P. (2021). Ancient and Modern Cereals as Ingredients of the Gluten-Free Diet: Are They Safe Enough for Celiac Consumers?. Foods, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10040906"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruiz-Carnicer, \u00c1., Comino, I., Segura, V., Ozuna, C.V., Moreno, M.d.L., L\u00f3pez-Casado, M.\u00c1., Torres, M.I., Barro, F., and Sousa, C. (2019). Celiac Immunogenic Potential of \u03b1-Gliadin Epitope Variants from Triticum and Aegilops Species. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020220"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2020.00006","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Celiac Disease and Other Gluten Related Disorders in Wheat and Strategies for Mitigating Them","volume":"7","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C\u00e1rdenas-Torres, F., Cabrera-Ch\u00e1vez, F., Figueroa-Salcido, O., and Ontiveros, N. (2021). Non-Celiac Gluten Sensitivity: An Update. Medicine, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060526"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142966","article-title":"Dermatitis herpetiformis: Pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"89","author":"Clarindo","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Bras. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239691","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/239691","article-title":"Dermatitis Herpetiformis: From the Genetics to the Development of Skin Lesions","volume":"2012","author":"Bonciani","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Dev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1038\/s41395-018-0195-4","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Evaluating the Efficacy of a Gluten-Free Diet and a Low FODMAPS Diet in Treating Symptoms of Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"113","author":"Dionne","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-016-1238-5","article-title":"Celiac disease: Understanding the gluten-free diet","volume":"56","author":"Vespa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.5604\/20834543.1165359","article-title":"Analysis of nutritional value and costs of gluten-free diet compared to standard food ration","volume":"21","author":"Harton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medycyna Og\u00f3lna i Nauki o Zdrowiu"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Ciborowska, H., and Rudnicka, A. (2014). Dietetyka. \u017bywienie Zdrowego i Chorego Cz\u0142owieka. IV, Rozszerzone i Uaktualnione, PZWL Wydawnictwo Lekarskie. (In Polish)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caminero, A., Nistal, E., Herr\u00e1n, A.R., P\u00e9rez-Andr\u00e9s, J., Vaquero, L., and Vivas, S. (2014). Chapter 13\u2014Gluten Metabolism in Humans: Involvement of the Gut Microbiota. Wheat and Rice in Disease Prevention and Health, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-401716-0.00013-1"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"11","article-title":"Thyroid and celiac disease in pediatric age: A literature review","volume":"89","author":"Minelli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Biomed"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1280","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.36.6.2226","article-title":"Frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis in children with Celiac disease and effect of gluten free diet","volume":"36","author":"Rasheed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pak. J. Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.06.094","article-title":"Reactivity of gluten proteins from spelt and bread wheat accessions towards A1 and G12 antibodies in the framework of celiac disease","volume":"268","author":"Escarnot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cebolla, \u00c1., de Lourdes Moreno, M., Coto, L., and Sousa, C. (2018). Gluten Immunogenic Peptides as Standard for the Evaluation of Potential Harmful Prolamin Content in Food and Human Specimen. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201811.0165.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"174","article-title":"The Relationship between Thyroid Hormones, Antithyroid Antibodies, Anti-Tissue Transglutaminase and Anti-Gliadin Antibodies in Patients with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"13","author":"Riseh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"417","article-title":"The Effect of Gluten-Free Diet on Thyroid Autoimmunity in Drug-Na\u00efve Women with Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis: A Pilot Study","volume":"127","author":"Krysiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1067\/mpd.2000.107160","article-title":"Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease","volume":"137","author":"Ventura","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1111\/imm.12007","article-title":"Dietary gluten alters the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in T cells of BALB\/c mice","volume":"138","author":"Antvorskov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"370","article-title":"Hashimoto\u2019s disease\u2014The effectiveness of a gluten-free diet","volume":"4","author":"Kus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pol. Prz. Nauk Zdr."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.36921\/kos.2019_2541","article-title":"Wp\u0142yw diet eliminacyjnych na jako\u015b\u0107 \u017cycia os\u00f3b z wybranymi chorobami autoimmunologicznymi","volume":"68","author":"Konieczny","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kosmos"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"e4556","article-title":"Efficacy of the Autoimmune Protocol Diet as Part of a Multi-disciplinary, Supported Lifestyle Intervention for Hashimoto\u2019s Thyroiditis","volume":"11","author":"Abbott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pob\u0142ocki, J., Pa\u0144ka, T., Szczuko, M., Telesi\u0144ski, A., and Syrenicz, A. (2021). Whether a Gluten-Free Diet Should Be Recommended in Chronic Autoimmune Thyroiditis or Not?\u2014A 12-Month Follow-Up. J. Clin. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10153240"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Passali, M., Josefsen, K., Frederiksen, J.L., and Antvorskov, J.C. (2020). Current Evidence on the Efficacy of Gluten-Free Diets in Multiple Sclerosis, Psoriasis, Type 1 Diabetes and Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12082316"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"33","article-title":"The validity of gluten-free diet in Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis: Statement of the Expert Committee of the Section of Medical Dietetics of the Polish Society for Parenteral, Enteral Nutrition and Metabolism (POLSPEN)","volume":"47","author":"Bednarczuk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0531-5565(03)00037-8","article-title":"Increased prevalence of coeliac disease in autoimmune thyroiditis is restricted to aged patients","volume":"38","author":"Ravaglia","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Gerontol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2016.0108","article-title":"Prevalence of Celiac Disease in Patients with Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"26","author":"Roy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Thyroid"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596.e1","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.05.040","article-title":"High Proportions of People with Nonceliac Wheat Sensitivity Have Autoimmune Disease or Antinuclear Antibodies","volume":"149","author":"Carroccio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Losurdo, G., Principi, M., Iannone, A., Giangaspero, A., Piscitelli, D., Ierardi, E., Di Leo, A., and Barone, M. (2018). Predictivity of Autoimmune Stigmata for Gluten Sensitivity in Subjects with Microscopic Enteritis: A Retrospective Study. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10122001"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2362.2000.00590.x","article-title":"Dermatitis herpetiformis is associated with atrophic but not with goitrous variant of Hashimoto\u2019s thyroiditis","volume":"30","author":"Zettinig","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1727\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:58:18Z","timestamp":1760137098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1727"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14091727"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091727","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}