{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T13:19:45Z","timestamp":1786713585566,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]],"date-time":"2022-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650585600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tube feeding (TF) is commonly used for patients with severe swallowing disturbance, and patients with chronic dysphagia are often provided with a long-term nasogastric tube (NGT). However, nationwide epidemiological data on long-term NGT placement are limited. The present study identified the prevalence and outcomes of patients with long-term NGT placement in Taiwan. Data were obtained from the Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. Patients with NGT placement for more than 3 months between 2000 and 2012 were enrolled in this cohort study. An NGT cohort of 2754 patients was compared with 11,016 controls matched for age, sex, residential area, and comorbidities. The prevalence rate of long-term NGT reached 0.063% in 2005 and then remained stable at 0.05\u20130.06%. The major causes of NGT placement were stroke (44%), cancer (16%), head injury (14%), and dementia (12%). Men (63%) were more likely to have long-term NGT placement than women (37%). The adjusted hazard ratios were 28.1 (95% CI = 26.0, 30.3) for acute and chronic respiratory infections; 26.8 (95% CI = 24.1, 29.8) for pneumonia, 8.84 (95% CI = 7.87, 9.93) for diseases of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; and 7.5 (95% CI = 14.7, 20.8) for mortality. Patients with NGT placement for more than 6 months had a higher odds ratio (1.58, 95% CI = 1.13, 2.20) of pneumonia than those with NGT placement for less than 6 months. Only 13% and 0.62% of the patients underwent rehabilitation therapy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, respectively. Long-term NGT use was associated with a higher risk of comorbidities and mortality. Stroke was the main illness contributing to long-term NGT use. Further interventions are necessary to improve the negative effects of long-term TF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"1748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Nationwide Prevalence and Outcomes of Long-Term Nasogastric Tube Placement in Adults"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-2733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chung Y.","family":"Hsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Nien","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8311-2902","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woon-Man","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Hsien","family":"Hung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Feng Yuan Hospital, Taichung 42055, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4077-3473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hei-Tung","family":"Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Office for Health Data, Clinical Trial Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Show Chwan International Dementia and Movement Disorder Center, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County 50544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-9877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cheng-Yu","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exercise and Health Promotion, College of Kinesiology and Health, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Chang Bing Show Chwan Memorial Hospital, Changhua County 50544, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vii1","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.suppl_7.vii1","article-title":"Guidelines for enteral feeding in adult hospital patients","volume":"52","author":"Stroud","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/ggi.12137","article-title":"National survey of the prevalence of swallowing difficulty and tube feeding use as well as implementation of swallowing evaluation in long-term care settings in Japan","volume":"14","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geriatr. 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