{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:07:06Z","timestamp":1793743626758,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The effect of caffeine on mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is still poorly understood, but it was hypothesized that caffeine could contribute to decreasing delayed onset muscle soreness, attenuating temporary loss of strength, and reducing circulating levels of blood markers of muscle damage. However, evidence is not conclusive and beneficial effects of caffeine ingestion on EIMD are not always observed. Factors, such as the type of exercise that induces muscle damage, supplementation protocol, and type of marker analyzed contribute to the differences between the studies. To expand knowledge on the role of caffeine supplementation in EIMD, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on different markers of muscle damage. Fourteen studies were included, evaluating the effect of caffeine on indirect muscle damage markers, including blood markers (nine studies), pain perception (six studies), and MVC maximal voluntary contraction force (four studies). It was observed in four studies that repeated administration of caffeine between 24 and 72 h after muscle damage can attenuate the perception of pain in magnitudes ranging from 3.9% to 26%. The use of a single dose of caffeine pre-exercise (five studies) or post-exercise (one study) did not alter the circulating blood levels of creatine kinase (CK). Caffeine supplementation appears to attenuate pain perception, but this does not appear to be related to an attenuation of EIMD, per se. Furthermore, the effect of caffeine supplementation after muscle damage on strength recovery remains inconclusive due to the low number of studies found (four studies) and controversial results for both dynamic and isometric strength tests.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091769","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]],"date-time":"2022-04-23T21:39:45Z","timestamp":1650749985000},"page":"1769","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Indirect Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review of Human Trials"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Leonardo Carvalho","family":"Caldas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Barreira","family":"Salgueiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1909-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil David","family":"Clarke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8904-2693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Tallis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2832-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valerio Garrone","family":"Barauna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Centre of Health Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Santa Cruz State University, Ilh\u00e9us 45662-900, BA, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2970-7355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas","family":"Guimaraes-Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Physical Education, Center of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vit\u00f3ria 29075-910, ES, Brazil"},{"name":"Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"},{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.14.6.626","article-title":"Effects of Caffeine Ingestion on Exercise Testing: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Doherty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. 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