{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:45:00Z","timestamp":1790019900287,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650931200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Postoperative chylothorax is a rare complication following cardiac surgery for congenital heart disease (CHD) in the pediatric population, including neonates and infants. Multiple mechanisms are involved in the development of postoperative chylous effusions, mainly the traumatic injury of lymphatic vessels, systemic venous obstruction and dysfunction of the right ventricle. In this review, we focus on the existing evidence regarding the definition and diagnosis of postoperative chylothorax in children with CHD, as well as current therapeutic approaches, both nutritional and interventional, for the management of these patients. As part of nutritional management, we specifically comment on the use of defatted human milk and its effect on both chylothorax resolution and patient growth. A consensus with regard to several key aspects of this potentially significant complication is warranted given its impact on the cost, morbidity and mortality of children with CHD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T11:45:55Z","timestamp":1650973555000},"page":"1803","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Postoperative Chylothorax in Neonates and Infants after Congenital Heart Disease Surgery\u2014Current Aspects in Diagnosis and Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6355-1932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Samanidis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Cardiac Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6663-7926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Kourelis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiac and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Bounta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Cardiac and Adult Congenital Heart Disease Intensive Care Unit, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9708-0523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meletios","family":"Kanakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric and Adult Congenital Heart Surgery, Onassis Cardiac Surgery Center, 17674 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000518217","article-title":"Congenital Chylothorax of the Newborn: A Systematic Analysis of Published Cases between 1990 and 2018","volume":"101","author":"Resch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3093","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25601","article-title":"Chylothorax in the neonate-A stepwise approach algorithm","volume":"56","author":"Rocha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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