{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T20:18:19Z","timestamp":1789503499784,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n para la investigaci\u00f3n biom\u00e9dica de C\u00f3rdoba (FIBICO)"},{"name":"FAES Farma"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, there is abundant scientific evidence showing that the vitamin D endocrine system (VDES) is a highly complex endocrine system with multiple actions in different regions of the body. The unequivocal presence of vitamin D receptors in different tissues related to fertility, and to specific aspects of women\u2019s health such as pregnancy, undoubtedly implies functions of this steroid hormone in both male and female fertility and establishes relationships with different outcomes of human gestation. In order to review the role of the VDES in human fertility, we evaluated the relationships established between 25-hydroxyvitamin D (calcifediol) deficiency and in vitro fertilization, as well as aspects related to ovarian reserve and fertility, and commonly diagnosed endocrinopathies such as polycystic ovary disease. Likewise, we briefly reviewed the relationships between calcifediol deficiency and uterine fibroids, as well as the role that treatment may have in improving human fertility. Finally, the best scientific evidence available on the consequences of calcifediol deficiency during pregnancy is reviewed in relation to those aspects that have accumulated the most scientific literature to date, such as the relationship with the weight of the newborn at the time of delivery, the appearance of preeclampsia, and the risk of developing gestational diabetes and its final consequences for the pregnancy. To date, there is no definitive consensus on the necessary dose for treatment of calcifediol deficiency in the therapeutic management of infertility or during pregnancy. Large prospective clinical intervention studies are needed to clarify the benefits associated with this supplementation and the optimal dose to use in each situation. Although most intervention studies to date have been conducted with cholecalciferol, due to its much longer history of use in daily care, the use of calcifediol to alleviate 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency seems safe, even during pregnancy. The unequivocal presence of vitamin D receptors in very different tissues related to human fertility, both male and female, as well as in structures typical of pregnancy, allows us to investigate the crucial role that this steroid hormone has in specific aspects of women\u2019s health, such as pregnancy and the ability to conceive. Well-designed clinical studies are needed to elucidate the necessary dose and the best form of treatment to resolve the very common calcifediol deficiency in women of reproductive age.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"1820","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Calcifediol (25OHD) Deficiency and Its Treatment in Women\u2019s Health and Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ana","family":"Arnanz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IVIRMA, 28023 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Biomedicina y Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad de Alcal\u00e1 de Henares, 28023 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1005-8727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan A.","family":"Garcia-Velasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IVIRMA, 28023 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4345-7089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Neyro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academia de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas de Bilbao, Gynecology and Obstetrics Service, Hospital Universitario Cruces, 48009 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00126","article-title":"Skeletal and Extraskeletal Actions of Vitamin D: Current Evidence and Outstanding Questions","volume":"40","author":"Bouillon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.4.7403","article-title":"Vitamin D is an important factor in estrogen biosynthesis of both female and male gonads","volume":"141","author":"Kinuta","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0910059","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces in vivo the decidualization of rat endometrial cells","volume":"91","author":"Halhali","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.04.046","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in ovarian physiology and its implication in reproduction: A systematic review","volume":"102","author":"Irani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dex326","article-title":"Vitamin D and assisted reproductive treatment outcome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"33","author":"Chu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198-018-4520-y","article-title":"Is calcifediol better than cholecalciferol for vitamin D supplementation?","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.10.888","article-title":"A randomized trial of vitamin D supplementation in 2 community health center networks in South Carolina","volume":"208","author":"Wagner","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10040482","article-title":"The When, What & How of Measuring Vitamin D Metabolism in Clinical Medicine","volume":"10","author":"Dirks","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2704","article-title":"The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: What clinicians need to know","volume":"96","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iliuta, F., Pijoan, J.I., Lainz, L., Exposito, A., and Matorras, R. (2020). Women\u2019s vitamin D levels and IVF results: A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis, considering three categories of vitamin status (replete, insufficient and deficient). Hum. Fertil., 1\u201319.","DOI":"10.1080\/14647273.2020.1807618"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1038\/ng0897-391","article-title":"Mice lacking the vitamin D receptor exhibit impaired bone formation, uterine hypoplasia and growth retardation after weaning","volume":"16","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.05.019","article-title":"Replete vitamin D stores predict reproductive success following in vitro fertilization","volume":"94","author":"Ozkan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-7-40","article-title":"Follicular fluid content and oocyte quality: From single biochemical markers to metabolomics","volume":"7","author":"Revelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-021-06174-9","article-title":"Low vitamin D levels in follicular fluid, but not in serum, are associated with adverse outcomes in assisted reproduction","volume":"305","author":"Muyayalo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-018-1179-4","article-title":"Vitamin D as a follicular marker of human oocyte quality and a serum marker of in vitro fertilization outcome","volume":"35","author":"Ciepiela","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-8-91","article-title":"Prognostic value of follicular fluid 25-OH vitamin D and glucose levels in the IVF outcome","volume":"8","author":"Anifandis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609524","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.609524","article-title":"Vitamin D in Follicular Fluid Correlates With the Euploid Status of Blastocysts in a Vitamin D Deficient Population","volume":"11","author":"Arnanz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3321","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des280","article-title":"Characterizing the influence of vitamin D levels on IVF outcomes","volume":"27","author":"Rudick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2018.12.036","article-title":"The effect of serum vitamin D levels in couples on embryo development and clinical outcomes","volume":"38","author":"Jiang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"2502","article-title":"Vitamin D: A steroid hormone with progesterone-like activity","volume":"22","author":"Monastra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"226","article-title":"Vitamin D Screening and Supplementation in Primary Care: Time to Curb Our Enthusiasm","volume":"97","author":"Lin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2004-0336","article-title":"Direct regulation of HOXA10 by 1,25-(OH)2D3 in human myelomonocytic cells and human endometrial stromal cells","volume":"19","author":"Du","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2011.07.006","article-title":"Predictive value of the level of vitamin D in follicular fluid on the outcome of assisted reproductive technology","volume":"159","author":"Aleyasin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-013-2959-9","article-title":"Value of follicular fluid vitamin D in predicting the pregnancy rate in an IVF program","volume":"289","author":"Firouzabadi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.09.029","article-title":"Vitamin D levels do not affect IVF outcomes following the transfer of euploid blastocysts","volume":"212","author":"Franasiak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-018-0324-3","article-title":"Whether vitamin D was associated with clinical outcome after IVF\/ICSI: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2011.172155","article-title":"State-of-the-art vitamin D assays: A comparison of automated immunoassays with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods","volume":"58","author":"Farrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2020.12.027","article-title":"Vitamin D in human reproduction: Some answers and many more questions","volume":"115","author":"Klimczak","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2163","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/dez170","article-title":"Pre-conception 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and fecundability","volume":"34","author":"Jukic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2014.08.030","article-title":"Impact of circulating levels of total and bioavailable serum vitamin D on pregnancy rate in egg donation recipients","volume":"102","author":"Fabris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2013.10.008","article-title":"Influence of vitamin D levels on in vitro fertilization outcomes in donor-recipient cycles","volume":"101","author":"Rudick","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"18","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Outcomes: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"13","author":"Abedi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2032","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu156","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and pregnancy rates in women undergoing single embryo, blastocyst stage, transfer (SET) for IVF\/ICSI","volume":"29","author":"Polyzos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"361","article-title":"Correlation between follicular fluid 25-OH vitamin D and assisted reproductive outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Farzadi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran. J. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2372","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2014-1802","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and infertility: Insights from in vitro fertilization cycles","volume":"99","author":"Paffoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.126359","article-title":"Environment and Reproductive Health Study Team. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations and treatment outcomes of women undergoing assisted reproduction","volume":"104","author":"Abadia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1137","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-4161","article-title":"Vitamin D alters genes involved in follicular development and steroidogenesis in human cumulus granulosa cells","volume":"99","author":"Merhi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.03.029","article-title":"Circulating vitamin D correlates with serum antim\u00fcllerian hormone levels in late-reproductive-aged women: Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study","volume":"98","author":"Merhi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001075","article-title":"25-Hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and biomarkers of ovarian reserve","volume":"25","author":"Jukic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Menopause"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"208","article-title":"The effect of serum vitamin D levels on ovarian reserve markers: A prospective cross-sectional study","volume":"32","author":"Drakopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.05.005","article-title":"Vitamin D levels are not associated with ovarian reserve in a group of infertile women with a high prevalance of diminished ovarian reserve","volume":"110","author":"Shapiro","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bednarska-Czerwi\u0144ska, A., Olszak-W\u0105sik, K., Olejek, A., Czerwi\u0144ski, M., and Tukiendorf, A.A. (2019). Vitamin D and Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone Levels in Infertility Treatment: The Change-Point Problem. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11051053"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rotterdam ESHRE\/ASRM-Sponsored PCOS Consensus Workshop Group (2004). Revised 2003 consensus on diagnostic criteria and long-term health risks related to polycystic ovary syndrome. Fertil. Steril., 81, 19\u201325.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.10.004"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2012.04434.x","article-title":"Vitamin D in the aetiology and management of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"77","author":"Thomson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moridi, I., Chen, A., Tal, O., and Tal, R. (2020). The Association between Vitamin D and Anti-M\u00fcllerian Hormone: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.37766\/inplasy2020.4.0204"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/94.4.435","article-title":"The frequency of uterine leiomyomas","volume":"94","author":"Cramer","year":"1990","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1002\/ijgo.13102","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of uterine fibroids","volume":"149","author":"Giuliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2008.01.051","article-title":"Fibroids and infertility: An updated systematic review of the evidence","volume":"91","author":"Pritts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2015.05.031","article-title":"Role of vitamin D in uterine fibroid biology","volume":"104","author":"Brakta","year":"2015","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E754","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2131","article-title":"1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 reduces TGF-beta3-induced fibrosis-related gene expression in human uterine leiomyoma cells","volume":"96","author":"Halder","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31828acca0","article-title":"Vitamin d and the risk of uterine fibroids","volume":"24","author":"Baird","year":"2013","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5698","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005698","article-title":"Hypovitaminosis D and \u201csmall burden\u201d uterine fibroids: Opportunity for a vitamin D supplementation","volume":"95","author":"Ciavattini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1080\/01443615.2019.1654986","article-title":"Evaluation of 25-hydroxy vitamin D3 levels in patients with a fibroid uterus","volume":"40","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2015.05.013","article-title":"Vitamin D and uterine leiomyoma among a sample of US women: Findings from NHANES, 2001\u20132006","volume":"57","author":"Mitro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"125","article-title":"The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the size of uterine leiomyoma in women with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Hajhashemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Casp. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2020.101159","article-title":"Effect of oral consumption of vitamin D on uterine fibroids: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"39","author":"Arjeh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e038709","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-038709","article-title":"Association between vitamin D and uterine fibroids: A study protocol of an open-label, randomised controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Sheng","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-014-0407-9","article-title":"Vitamin D and assisted reproduction: Should vitamin D be routinely screened and repleted prior to ART? A systematic review","volume":"32","author":"Pacis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Assist. Reprod. Genet."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paffoni, A., Somigliana, E., Sarais, V., Ferrari, S., Reschini, M., Makieva, S., Papaleo, E., and Vigan\u00f2, P. (2019). Effect of vitamin D supplementation on assisted reproduction technology (ART) outcomes and underlying biological mechanisms: Protocol of a randomized clinical controlled trial. The \u201csupplementation of vitamin D and reproductive outcome\u201d (SUNDRO) study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-019-2538-6"},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Garc\u00eda, A., Alhambra, M.R., Cort\u00e9s, M., J\u00f3dar, E., Huguet, I., Rozas, P., Varsavsky, M., \u00c1vila, V., Mu\u00f1oz, A., and Mu\u00f1oz, M. (2022). Guide of management of alterations in mineral and bone metabolism during gestation and lactation. Endocrinol. Diabetes Nutr., in press."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8366","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105398","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De-Regil, L.M., Palacios, C., Lombardo, L.K., and Pe\u00f1a-Rosas, J.P. (2016). Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008873.pub3"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5237","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5237","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy: State of the evidence from a systematic review of randomised trials","volume":"359","author":"Roth","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2020.102707","article-title":"Vitamin D, preeclampsia and prematurity: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational and interventional studies","volume":"87","year":"2020","journal-title":"Midwifery"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e032626","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-032626","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation to improve pregnancy and perinatal outcomes: An overview of 42 systematic reviews","volume":"10","author":"Bialy","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.10.006","article-title":"Effects of maternal genetic polymorphisms in vitamin D-binding protein and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration on infant birth weight","volume":"35","author":"Chun","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000117","article-title":"Vitamin D and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palacios, C., Kostiuk, L.K., and Pe\u00f1a-Rosas, J.P. (2019). Vitamin D supplementation for women during pregnancy. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008873.pub4"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1623780","article-title":"Maternal vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy and low birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maugeri, A., Barchitta, M., Blanco, I., and Agodi, A. (2019). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation During Pregnancy on Birth Size: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11020442"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, X., Fang, R., Yu, R., Chen, D., Zhao, J., and Xiao, J. (2017). Maternal Vitamin D Status in the Late Second Trimester and the Risk of Severe Preeclampsia in Southeastern China. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9020138"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00865","article-title":"Vitamin D Enhances Efficacy of Oral Nifedipine in Treating Preeclampsia with Severe Features: A Double Blinded, Placebo-Controlled and Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1742","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2019.08.015","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and incident preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials","volume":"39","author":"Fogacci","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.7705\/biomedica.v38i0.3683","article-title":"Vitamina D y riesgo de preeclampsia: Revisi\u00f3n sistem\u00e1tica y metaan\u00e1lisis","volume":"38","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biom\u00e9dica"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.11.003","article-title":"Global estimates of the prevalence of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy","volume":"103","author":"Guariguata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Plows, J.F., Stanley, J.L., Baker, P.N., Reynolds, C.M., and Vickers, M.H. (2018). The Pathophysiology of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19113342"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"742","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2020.94433","article-title":"Serum vitamin D deficiency and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: A meta-analysis","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","first-page":"EP475","article-title":"Effect of vitamin D supplementation on Glucose Tolerance, HOMA indices and on the risk of GDM in pregnant women with vitamin D deficiency\u2014A prospective interventional study","volume":"49","author":"Jayanthy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocr. Abstr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ojo, O., Weldon, S., Thompson, T., and Vargo, E. (2019). The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Glycaemic Control in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16101716"}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1820\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:01:52Z","timestamp":1760137312000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1820"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":79,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14091820"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091820","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}