{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T01:49:33Z","timestamp":1790300973138,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004663","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004663","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NSYSU-KMU","award":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 109-2221-E-110-031"]}]},{"name":"NSYSU-KMU","award":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 111-2320-B-110-002"]}]},{"name":"NSYSU-KMU","award":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#NSYSUKMU 111-P09"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Nutrients"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is a great need for a diagnostic tool using simple clinical information collected from patients to diagnose uric acid (UA) stones in nephrolithiasis. We built a predictive model making use of machine learning (ML) methodologies entering simple parameters easily obtained at the initial clinical visit. Socio-demographic, health, and clinical data from two cohorts (A and B), both diagnosed with nephrolithiasis, one between 2012 and 2016 and the other between June and December 2020, were collected before nephrolithiasis treatment. A ML-based model for predicting UA stones in nephrolithiasis was developed using eight simple parameters\u2014sex, age, gout, diabetes mellitus, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, bacteriuria, and urine pH. Data from Cohort A were used for model training and validation (ratio 3:2), while data from Cohort B were used only for validation. One hundred and forty-six (13.3%) out of 1098 patients in Cohort A and 3 (4.23%) out of 71 patients in Cohort B had pure UA stones. For Cohort A, our model achieved a validation AUC (area under ROC curve) of 0.842, with 0.8475 sensitivity and 0.748 specificity. For Cohort B, our model achieved 0.936 AUC, with 1.0 sensitivity, and 0.912 specificity. This ML-based model provides a convenient and reliable method for diagnosing urolithiasis. Using only eight readily available clinical parameters, including information about metabolic disorder and obesity, it distinguished pure uric acid stones from other stones before treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"1829","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Prediction of the Uric Acid Component in Nephrolithiasis Using Simple Clinical Information about Metabolic Disorder and Obesity: A Machine Learning-Based Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hao-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung 80145, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2490-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Ting","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Si Wan College, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2473-5824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frances M.","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung-Yao","family":"Kao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yii-Her","family":"Chou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yin","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Business Management, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yung-Shun","family":"Juan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, 100, Shih-Chuan 1st Road, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Urology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2017.04.001","article-title":"Burden of Urolithiasis: Trends in Prevalence, Treatments, and Costs","volume":"3","author":"Raheem","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1007\/s11934-020-00971-6","article-title":"Economic Considerations in the Management of Nephrolithiasis","volume":"21","author":"Roberson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Urol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"83","article-title":"Urolithiasis\u2014An interdisciplinary diagnostic, therapeutic and secondary preventive challenge","volume":"112","author":"Fisang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2017-135332","article-title":"Uric acid stones, clinical manifestations and therapeutic considerations","volume":"94","author":"Ma","year":"2018","journal-title":"Postgrad Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000610","article-title":"Uric acid stone disease: Lessons from recent human physiologic studies","volume":"29","author":"Tran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6077","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24485-x","article-title":"Mediators of the Effects of Gender on Uric Acid Nephrolithiasis: A Novel Application of Structural Equation Modeling","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1097\/JU.0000000000000376","article-title":"Re: Can we Predict the Outcome of Oral Dissolution Therapy for Radiolucent Renal Calculi? A Prospective Study","volume":"202","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siener, R. (2021). Nutrition and Kidney Stone Disease. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061917"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barghouthy, Y., Corrales, M., and Somani, B. (2021). The Relationship between Modern Fad Diets and Kidney Stone Disease: A Systematic Review of Literature. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124270"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1007\/s00240-020-01204-8","article-title":"Oral chemolysis is an effective, non-invasive therapy for urinary stones suspected of uric acid content","volume":"48","author":"Tsaturyan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Urolithiasis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hernandez, Y., Costa-Bauza, A., Calvo, P., Benejam, J., Sanchis, P., and Grases, F. (2020). Comparison of Two Dietary Supplements for Treatment of Uric Acid Renal Lithiasis: Citrate vs. Citrate + Theobromine. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12072012"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2791","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-019-06559-0","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DECT) to differentiate uric acid from non-uric acid calculi: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"McGrath","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2017.09.069","article-title":"Accurately Diagnosing Uric Acid Stones from Conventional Computerized Tomography Imaging: Development and Preliminary Assessment of a Pixel Mapping Software","volume":"199","author":"Ganesan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2017.01.018","article-title":"Uric acid versus non-uric acid renal stones: In vivo differentiation with spectral CT","volume":"72","author":"Lombardo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Goodfellow, I., Bengio, Y., and Courville, A. (2016). Deep Learning, The MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200710415","article-title":"Youden Index and optimal cut-point estimated from observations affected by a lower limit of detection","volume":"50","author":"Ruopp","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biom. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.09.3635","article-title":"Stone-targeted dual-energy CT: A new diagnostic approach to urinary calculosis","volume":"195","author":"Ascenti","year":"2010","journal-title":"AJR Am. J. Roentgenol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crad.2016.07.012","article-title":"Prospective prediction of the major component of urinary stone composition with dual-source dual-energy CT in vivo","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)65178-6","article-title":"Low dose unenhanced helical computerized tomography for the evaluation of acute flank pain","volume":"167","author":"Hamm","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00330-021-07713-3","article-title":"Single-energy CT predicts uric acid stones with accuracy comparable to dual-energy CT-prospective validation of a quantitative method","volume":"31","author":"Jendeberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Pearl, J., Glymour, M., and Jewell, N.P. (2016). Causal Inference in Statistics: A Primer, Wiley."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2017.12.001","article-title":"A novel method for predicting kidney stone type using ensemble learning","volume":"84","author":"Kazemi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Artif. Intell. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7453.1420","article-title":"Kidney stones","volume":"328","author":"Parmar","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000144205.49134.64","article-title":"Modulation of proliferating renal epithelial cell affinity for calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals","volume":"15","author":"Farell","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1007\/s12018-011-9104-8","article-title":"Mechanisms of Stone Formation","volume":"9","author":"Ratkalkar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Rev. Bone Miner Metab."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8529(02)00038-5","article-title":"Hyperuricosuric calcium nephrolithiasis","volume":"31","author":"Sorensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Metab. Clin. N. Am."}],"container-title":["Nutrients"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1829\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:02:12Z","timestamp":1760137332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6643\/14\/9\/1829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["nu14091829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu14091829","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6643"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6643","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]}}}